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Rick Middleton

Rick Middleton

Richard (Rick) Middleton (born December 4, 1953, in Toronto, Ontario) was a professional hockey player for the NHL Boston Bruins and New York Rangers. A right wing of dazzling skill nicknamed "Nifty" or "Slick", Middleton was drafted in the 1st round, 14th overall, by the Rangers in the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft after a glittering junior career with the Oshawa Generals in which he led his league in scoring his final year and was named to the league's Second All-Star Team. He spent the 1974 season with the Rangers' farm team, the AHL Providence Reds, in which he earned rookie of the year honors and was placed on the AHL's First All-Star Team. He made the big club during the 1975 season, and though suffering injuries that restricted him to 47 games, scored 22 goals in that limited time. The following season was not as spectacular, and showing youthful defensive deficiencies, the Rangers traded him thereafter to the Boston Bruins for veteran winger Ken Hodge. It was one of the most one-sided deals in hockey history. Hodge played only a single season more before his career ended, while Middleton would become a great star in Boston, scoring nearly nine hundred points in a Bruins' uniform. Generally paired with center Barry Pederson, "Nifty" had five straight seasons of at least forty goals and ninety points and led the Bruins to perennially glittering marks. His leadership was apparent in being named co-captain (with Ray Bourque) to succeed Terry O'Reilly in 1985, a position he held until he retired. His best season was the 1982 season, during which Middleton scored a career high 51 goals, won the Lady Byng Trophy for excellence and sportsmanship, and was named to the NHL's Second All-Star Team. The following season he led the Bruins to the league's best regular season record, and set still unbroken records that year for the most points scored in league history in the playoffs for a player not advancing to the finals (33) and for a single playoff series (19, in the quarterfinals against Buffalo). His 105 points in the 1984 season remains the Bruin record for points scored in a year by a right winger. Middleton also starred in international play, being named to play for Team Canada in the Canada Cup in 1981 and 1984. Teamed on a line with Wayne Gretzky in the 1984 series, he scored four goals and four assists in seven games. Middleton played in the NHL All-Star Game in 1981, 1982 and 1984. He retired with 448 goals and 540 assists for 988 points in 1005 games, and added 100 points in 114 playoff games. He is currently a studio color broadcaster for the Bruins' telecasts.

December 4

December 4 is the 338th day (339th on leap years) of the Gregorian calendar. There are 27 days remaining.

Events

- 771 - Austrasian King Carloman dies, leaving his brother Charlemagne King of the now complete Frankish Kingdom.
- 1110 - First Crusade: The Crusaders conquer Sidon.
- 1259 - Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.
- 1563 - The final session of the Council of Trent is held (it opened on December 13, 1545).
- 1619 - 38 colonists from Berkeley Parish in England disembark in Virginia and give thanks to God (this is considered to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas).
- 1639 - Jeremiah Horrocks made the first observation of a transit of Venus. (November 24 under the Julian calendar.)
- 1674 - Father Jacques Marquette founds a mission on the shores of Lake Michigan to minister to the Illiniwek (the mission would later grow into the city of Chicago, Illinois).
- 1676 - Battle of Lund: A Danish army under the command of King Christian V of Denmark engages the Swedish army commanded by Field Marshal Simon Grundel-Helmfelt.
- 1783 - At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, US General George Washington formally bids his officers farewell.
- 1791 - The first issue of The Observer, the world's first Sunday newspaper, is published.
- 1829 - In the face of fierce opposition, British governor Lord William Bentinck carries a regulation declaring that all who abetted suttee in India were guilty of culpable homicide.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea - At Waynesboro, Georgia, forces under Union General Judson Kilpatrick prevent troops led by Confederate General Joseph Wheeler from interfering with Union General William T. Sherman's campaign destroying a wide swath of the South on his march to the Atlantic Ocean from Atlanta (Union forces did suffer more than three times the Confederate casualties, however).
- 1867 - Former Minnesota farmer Oliver Hudson Kelley founds the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry (better known today as the Grange movement).
- 1872 - The crewless American ship Mary Celeste is found by the British brig Dei Gratia (the ship was abandoned for 9 days but was only slightly damaged).
- 1875 - Notorious New York City politician Boss Tweed escapes from prison and flees to Cuba, then Spain.
- 1906 - Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc., the first intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity in the United States established for men of African descent, was founded at Cornell University.
- 1918 - US President Woodrow Wilson sails for the World War I peace talks in Versailles, becoming the first US president to travel to Europe while in office.
- 1921 - The Virginia Rappe manslaughter trial against Roscoe 'Fatty' Arbuckle ends in a hung jury.
- 1942 - Holocaust: In Warsaw, Zofia Kossak-Szczucka and Wanda Filipowicz set up Żegota.
- 1943 - World War II: In Yugoslavia, resistance leader Marshal Tito proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav government in-exile.
- 1943 - The Great Depression ends in the United States: With unemployment figures falling fast due to war-related employment, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt closes the Works Progress Administration.
- 1945 - By a vote of 65 to 7, the United States Senate approves United States participation in the United Nations (the UN was established on October 24, 1945).
- 1951 - Mir Waiz Maulvi Muhammad Yusouf appointed President of Azad Kashmir Government.
- 1952 - Great Smog of 1952: A cold fog descends upon London, combining with air pollution and killing up to 12,000 in the weeks and months that follow.
- 1958 - Dahomey (present-day Benin) becomes a self-governing country within the French Community.
- 1967 - Vietnam War: US and South Vietnamese forces engage Viet Cong troops in the Mekong Delta.
- 1969 - Black Panther members Fred Hampton and Mark Clark are shot and killed in their sleep during a raid by 14 Chicago police officers.
- 1969 - Surfer Greg Noll rides a 65-foot wave on the North Shore of Oahu, still the highest ever recorded.
- 1971 - UN Security Council calls emergency session to consider deteriorating situation between India and Pakistan.
- 1977 - Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic, crowns himself Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire.
- 1977 - Malaysia Airlines Flight 653 is hijacked and crashes in Tanjong Kupang, Johor, killing 100.
- 1978 - Following the murder of Mayor George Moscone, Dianne Feinstein becomes San Francisco, California's first woman mayor (she served until January 8, 1988).
- 1979 - The Hastie fire in Hull, kills three schoolboys and eventually leads police to arrest Bruce George Peter Lee.
- 1980 - The rock group Led Zeppelin formally announce their breakup.
- 1981 - South Africa grants "homeland" Ciskei independence (not recognized outside South Africa).
- 1982 - The People's Republic of China adopts its current constitution.
- 1991 - Journalist Terry Anderson is released after 7 years in captivity as a hostage in Beirut (he was the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon).
- 1991 - US airline Pan Am ends operations.
- 1992 - Somali Civil War: President George H. W. Bush orders 28,000 US troops to Somalia.
- 1993 - A truce is concluded between the government of Angola and UNITA rebels.
- 1994 - Pakistan wins World Hockey Championship after 12 years, beating Holland by four goals to three, in Sydney.
- 1998 - Unity, the second module of the International Space Station, is launched.

Births

- 1555 - Heinrich Meibom, German historian and poet (d. 1625)
- 1580 - Samuel Argall, English adventurer and naval officer (d. 1626)
- 1585 - John Cotton, American Puritan leader (d. 1652)
- 1595 - Jean Chapelain, French writer (d. 1674)
- 1612 - Samuel Butler, English poet (d. 1680)
- 1660 - André Campra, French composer (d. 1744)
- 1670 - John Aislabie, English politician (d. 1742)
- 1713 - Gasparo Gozzi, Italian critic and dramatist (d. 1786)
- 1777 - Madame Récamier, French writer (d. 1849)
- 1795 - Thomas Carlyle, British writer and historian (d. 1881)
- 1798 - Jules Armand Dufaure, French statesman (d. 1881)
- 1835 - Samuel Butler, British writer (d. 1902)
- 1849 - Crazy Horse, Oglala Sioux chief (d. 1877)
- 1861 - Lillian Russell, American singer and actress (d. 1922)
- 1866 - Wassily Kandinsky, Russian-born French abstract painter (d. 1944)
- 1875 - Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian poet (d. 1926)
- 1892 - Francisco Franco, Head of State of Spain (d. 1975)
- 1895 - Fung Yu-lan, Chinese philosopher (d. 1990)
- 1903 - Cornell Woolrich, American writer (d. 1968)
- 1908 - Alfred Hershey, American bacteriologist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997)
- 1912 - Pappy Boyington, American pilot (d. 1988)
- 1914 - Rudolf Hausner, Austrian artist (d. 1995)
- 1916 - Ely Jacques Kahn, Jr., American writer (d. 1994)
- 1921 - Deanna Durbin, Canadian actress and singer
- 1922 - Gérard Philipe, French actor (d. 1959)
- 1931 - Alex Delvecchio, Canadian hockey player
- 1934 - Victor French, American actor (d. 1989)
- 1934 - Wink Martindale, American game show host
- 1937 - Max Baer, Jr., American actor, screenwriter, director, and producer
- 1938 - Yvonne Minton, Australian soprano
- 1939 - Freddy Cannon, American musician
- 1942 - Gemma Jones, British actress
- 1942 - Roh Tae-woo, President of South Korea
- 1944 - Dennis Wilson, American musician and singer (The Beach Boys) (d. 1983)
- 1945 - Roberta Bondar, Canadian astronaut and scientist
- 1949 - Jeff Bridges, American actor
- 1957 - Eric S. Raymond, American open source advocate
- 1960 - Glynis Nunn, Australian heptathlete and Olympic gold medalist
- 1961 - Frank Reich, American football player
- 1963 - Sergei Bubka, Soviet-born Ukrainian pole-vaulter, IAAF World Champion, Olympic gold medalist and current world-record holder
- 1964 - Marisa Tomei, American actress
- 1966 - Fred Armisen, American actor and musician
- 1969 - Jay-Z (Shawn Carter), American rapper
- 1972 - Nikki Tyler, American actress
- 1973 - Tyra Banks, American model

Deaths

- 765 - Jafar Sadiq, Shia Imam (b. 702)
- 771 - Carloman, King of the Franks (b. 751)
- 1075 - Archbishop Anno II of Cologne
- 1123 - Omar Khayyám, Persian poet, astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher (b. 1048)
- 1214 - William I of Scotland
- 1270 - Theobald V of Champagne, King of Navarre
- 1334 - Pope John XXII (b. 1249)
- 1340 - Henry Burghersh, English bishop and chancellor (b. 1292)
- 1459 - Adolf VIII, Duke of Southern Jutland (b. 1401)
- 1576 - Rheticus, Austrian mathematician (b. 1514)
- 1585 - John Willock, Scottish reformer
- 1609 - Alexander Hume, Scottish poet
- 1642 - Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman (b. 1585)
- 1649 - William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (b. 1585)
- 1679 - Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (b. 1588)
- 1680 - Thomas Bartholin, Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian (b. 1616)
- 1696 - Empress Meisho of Japan (b. 1624)
- 1732 - John Gay, British playwright (b. 1685)
- 1784 - Wiseman Claget, British classical scholar (b. 1721)
- 1798 - Luigi Galvani, Italian physicist (b. 1737)
- 1845 - Gregor MacGregor, British con-artist
- 1926 - Ivana Kobilca, Slovenian-born painter (b. 1861)
- 1933 - Stefan George, German poet (b. 1868)
- 1935 - Johan Halvorsen, Norwegian composer (b. 1864)
- 1935 - Charles Robert Richet, French physiologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850)
- 1945 - Thomas Hunt Morgan, American geneticist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)
- 1956 - Alexandr Rodchenko, Russian-born Soviet painter and photographer (b. 1891)
- 1967 - Bert Lahr, American actor (b. 1895)
- 1976 - Tommy Bolin, American guitarist (b. 1951)
- 1976 - Benjamin Britten, British composer (b. 1913)
- 1980 - Francisco Sá Carneiro, Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1934)
- 1980 - Stanislawa Walasiewicz (Stella Walsh), Polish-born American athlete and Olympic gold medalist (competing for Poland) (b. 1911)
- 1993 - Frank Zappa, American musician and composer (b. 1940)
- 1997 - Richard Vernon, British actor (b. 1925)
- 2005 - Gregg Hoffman, American movie producer (b. 1963/1964)

Holidays and observances

- Roman festivals - secret ceremonies in honor of Bona Dea
- R.C. Saints - Saint John of Damascus: optional memorial; also Saint Barbara
- Also see December 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Santería, Lukumí - Day of Shango
- International Hug Day. See Also: January 21st, National Hugging Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/4 BBC: On This Day] ---- December 3 - December 5 - November 4 - January 4 — listing of all days ko:12월 4일 ms:4 Disember ja:12月4日 simple:December 4 th:4 ธันวาคม

1953

1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday.

Events

January

- January 7 - President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb.
- January 12 - Estonian emigres find a government in exile in Oslo
- January 13 - Marshal Josip Broz Tito chosen President of Yugoslavia
- January 15 - Georg Dertinger, foreign minister of East Germany, is arrested for spying
- January 20 - Change of US presidency from Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) to Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961).
- January 22 - The Crucible, a drama by Arthur Miller, opens on Broadway
- January 24 – Mau Mau rebels in Kenya kill Ruck family – father, mother and a 6-year-old son
- January 26 - Walter Ulbricht announces that the agriculture will be collectivized in East Germany
- January 28 - Derek Bentley is executed for murder in Wandsworth Prison
- January 31-February 1 - North Sea flood of 1953 kills 1,835 people in the southwestern Netherlands (especially Zeeland), 307 in the United Kingdom and several hundred at sea, including 132 on the ferry Princess Victoria in the Irish Sea

February

- February 1 - Surge of North Sea Flood of 1953 continues from the previous day.
- February 5 - The movie Peter Pan premieres (Roxy Theatre, New York City).
- February 11 - President Eisenhower refuses clemency appeal for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.
- February 11 - The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel.
- February 13 - Transsexual Christine Jorgenson returns to New York after successful sexual reassignment surgery in Denmark
- February 18 - The first 3D film, Bwana Devil opens.
- February 19 - Censorship: Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States
- February 28 - James D. Watson and Francis Crick announce that they have determined the chemical structure of DNA.

March-April

- March 1 - After an all-night dinner with Soviet Union interior minister Lavrenty Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev, Joseph Stalin collapses, having suffered a stroke that paralyzed the right side of his body.
- March 1 - Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg made the deputy constable and lieutenant governor of Windsor Castle
- March 5 - After 29 years of ruling the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin dies.
- March 6 - Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov succeeds Josef Stalin as Premier and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
- March 11 - U.S. B-47 bomber accidentally drops an atom bomb on Mars Bluff, South Carolina. Fortunately it fails to detonate.
- March 13 - United Nations Security Council nominates Dag Hammarskjöld as United Nations Secretary General
- March 14 - Nikita Khruschev selected general secretary of the Soviet communist party
- March 17 - Nuclear test in Nevada - with 1620 spectators in 3.4 km
- March 18 - An earthquake hits western Turkey killing 250.
- March 25-26 – Lari Massacre in Kenya – Mau Mau rebels kill up to 150 kikuyu
- March 26 - Jonas Salk announces his polio vaccine.
- April 7 - Dag Hammarskjöld is elected United Nations Secretary General.
- April 8 – Jomo Kenyatta is sentenced for seven years in prison for alleged organization of Mau Mau Rebellion
- April 13 - Ian Fleming publishes his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale in the United Kingdom
- April 25 - Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish their description of the double helix structure of DNA.(::Watson, J. D. and Crick, F. H. C. (1953). [http://www.nature.com/genomics/human/watson-crick/index.html Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid]. Nature 171, 737-738.)

May

DNA
- May 2 - Hussein is crowned King of Jordan.
- May 2 - 38-year-old Stanley Matthews finally wins the FA Cup at his third attempt, in the famous 'Matthews Final'
- May 9 – France agrees to the provisional independence of Cambodia with the king Norodom Sihanouk
- May 10 - Town of Chemnitz in East Germany becomes Karl Marx Stadt
- May 11 - The Waco Tornado: A F5 tornado hits in the downtown section of Waco, Texas killing 114.
- May 18 - At Rogers Dry Lake, California Jackie Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier (she flew in a F-86 Sabrejet at an average speed of 652.337 miles-per-hour).
- May 25 - Nuclear testing: At the Nevada Test Site, the United States conducts its first and only nuclear artillery test.
- May 29 - Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay perform the first successful ascent to the summit of Mount Everest.

June-July

Mount Everest
- June 2 - Coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom at Westminster Abbey.
- June 8 - Flint-Worcester Tornadoes: A tornado hits in Flint, Michigan and kills 115. This is the last tornado to claim more than 100 lives.
- June 8 - Austria and Soviet Union form diplomatic relations
- June 9 - CIA Technical Services Staff head Sidney Gottlieb approves of the use of LSD in a MKULTRA subproject.
- June 9 - Flint-Worcester Tornadoes: A tornado spawned from the same storm system as the Flint tornado hits in Worcester, Massachusetts killing 94.
- June 12 - Currency reform causes riots in Czechoslovakia
- June 13 - Hungarian Prime Minister Mátyás Rákosi is replaced by Imre Nagy.
- June 16 - Soviet Union and Yugoslavia form diplomatic relations
- June 17 - Workers Uprising: In East Germany, the Soviet Union orders a Division (military) of troops into East Berlin to quell a rebellion.
- June 18 - Egypt declares a republic
- June 19 - Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
- June 30 - The first Chevrolet Corvette is built at Flint (Michigan)
- July 4 - Strikes and riots in coal mining regions in Poland
- July 5 - First meeting of the assembly of the European Economic Community in Strasbourg, France
- July 10 – Soviet official paper Pravda announces that Lavrenti Beria has been deposed from his positions as a head of NKVD
- July 18 - Flood in the Hodno island in Japan - 1700 dead, 7000 injured
- July 26 - Fidel Castro and his brother lead a disastrous assault on the Moncada Barracks - preliminary to the Cuban Revolution.
- July 27 - Korean War ends: The United States, People's Republic of China, North Korea, and South Korea sign an armistice agreement.

August-October

- August 5 - Operation Big Switch, operation to repatriate prisoners of war after the Korean War
- August 7 - Ohio admitted as a U. S. state, retroactive to 1803.
- August 8 - Soviet prime minister Georgi Malenkov announces that Soviet Union has a hydrogen bomb
- August 11 - Earthquake devastates islands of the Ionian Sea
- August 13 - 4 million workers go on strike in France to protest austerity measures
- August 17 - Addiction: First meeting of Narcotics Anonymous in Southern California, see October 5.
- August 18 - Kinsey report
- August 19 - Cold War: The CIA helps to overthrow the government of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran and retain Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on the throne (see: Operation Ajax).
- August 20 - French government oust the sultan of Morocco and exiles him to Corsica
- August 20 - USA gives West Germany 382 ships it captured during World War Two
- August 25 - General strike ends in France
- September 3 - Birthday, Cheryl Tutson, 1953
- September 5 - United Nations does not accept Soviet Union's suggestion to accept China as a member
- September 7 - Nikita Khrushchev becomes head of the Soviet Central Committee.
- September 25 - Hurricane in South-East Asia - over 1000 dead
- September 25 - First German prisoners of war return from Soviet Union to West Germany
- September 26 - Rationing of sugar ends in the United Kingdom
- October - The UNIVAC 1103 is the first commercial computer to use random access memory.
- October 5 - First meeting of Narcotics Anonymous (first planning session was held August 17)
- October 9 - Konrad Adenauer is re-elected as a German chancellor
- October 12 - "The Caine Mutiny Court Martial" opens at Plymouth Theatre, New York.
- October 30 - Cold War: US President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret document National Security Council Paper No. 162/2, which states that the United States' arsenal of nuclear weapons must be maintained and expanded to counter the communist threat.

November-December

- November 5 - David Ben Gurion resigns as a prime minister of Israel
- November 9 - Cambodia becomes independent from France.
- November 9 - King Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia dies
- November 21 - Authorities at the British Natural History Museum announce that the skull of the "Piltdown Man", one of the most famous fossil skulls in the world, is a hoax.
- November 23 - Moscow announces that Lavrenti Beria has been executed
- November 25 - England lose 6-3 to Hungary at Wembley Stadium, their first ever loss to a continental team at home
- November 29 - French paratroopers take Dien Bien Phu
- December 2 - United Kingdom and Iran reform diplomatic relations
- December 8 - US president Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers his Atoms for Peace address to the UN General Assembly in New York City
- December 23 – Soviet Union announces officially that Lavrenti Beria has been executed
- December 24 - 153 people die as a result of the Tangiwai disaster when the railway bridge collapses at Tangiwai, New Zealand sending a fully loaded passenger train into the Whangaehu River
- December 30 - The first color television sets go on sale for about $1,175 (American dollars).

Births

January-February

- January 4 - George Tenet, American Central Intelligence Agency director
- January 8 - Bruce Sutter, baseball player
- January 10 - Pat Benatar, American singer
- January 10 - Bobby Rahal, American race car driver
- January 19 - Desi Arnaz Jr., American actor
- January 21 - Paul Allen, American entrepreneur
- January 22 - Jim Jarmusch, American director
- January 26 - Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark
- February 7 - Dan Quisenberry, baseball player (d. 1998)
- February 8 - Mary Steenburgen, American actress
- February 11 - Philip Anglim, American actor
- February 11 - Jeb Bush, brother of President George W Bush and son of George H.W. Bush and Barbara Pierce Bush
- February 11 - Alan Rubin, American musician
- February 17 - Norman Pace, British actor and comedian
- February 21 - William Petersen, American actor
- February 25 - José María Aznar, Spanish politician
- February 25 - Martin Kippenberger, German artist

March-May

- March 1 - Richard Bruton, Irish politician and economist
- March 6 - Jan Kjærstad, Norwegian author
- March 6 - Jacklyn Zeman, American actress
- March 12 - Carl Hiaasen, American author
- March 12 - Ron Jeremy, American actor
- March 16 - Isabelle Huppert, French actress
- March 16 - Richard Stallman, American free software proponent
- March 23 - Chaka Khan, American singer
- March 26 - Elaine Chao, U.S. Secretary of Labor
- April 1 - Barry Sonnenfeld, American film producer and director
- April 11 - Guy Verhofstadt, Prime Minister of Belgium
- April 11 - Andrew Wiles, British-born mathematician
- April 16 - J. Neil Schulman, American writer and activist
- May 6 - Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- May 15 - George Brett, baseball player
- May 15 - Mike Oldfield, English composer
- May 16 - Pierce Brosnan, Irish actor
- May 19 - Victoria Wood, British comic actress
- May 20 - Robert Doyle, Australian politician
- May 24 - Alfred Molina, English actor
- May 26 - Michael Portillo, English politician
- May 29 - Danny Elfman, American composer
- May 30 - Colm Meaney, Irish actor

June-August

- June 1 - David Berkowitz, American serial killer
- June 8 - Bonnie Tyler, Welsh singer
- June 13 - Tim Allen, American actor
- June 21 - Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan
- July 14 - Bebe Buell, American model and singer
- July 15 - Jean-Bertrand Aristide, President of Haiti
- July 15 - Mila Pivnicki, First Lady of Canada
- July 29 - Geddy Lee, Canadian musician (Rush)
- August 5 - Rick Mahler, baseball player (d. 2005)
- August 9 - Robert Cray, American musician
- August 11 - Hulk Hogan, American professional wrestler
- August 18 - Louie Gohmert, American politician
- August 19 - Benoît Régent, French actor (d. 1994)
- August 31 - György Károly, Hungarian author

October-December

- October 2 - Brandon Wilson, American author and explorer
- October 7 - Christopher Norris, British actress
- October 7 - Tico Torres, American musician (Bon Jovi)
- October 9 - Tony Shalhoub, American actor
- October 12 - Serge Lepeltier, French politician
- October 12 - Les Dennis, British comedian and television presenter
- October 22 - Jeff Goldblum, American actor
- October 27 - Robert Picardo, American actor
- October 27 - Peter Firth, British actor
- October 31 - Michael J. Anderson, American actor
- November 4 - Carlos Gutierrez, American politician
- November 14 - Dominique de Villepin, Prime Minister of France
- November 18 - Alan Moore, English writer and magician
- November 19 - Robert Beltran, American actor
- November 19 - Tom Villard, American actor (d. 1994)
- November 28 - Ben Bolt, American guitarist
- November 23 - Francis Cabrel, French singer
- November 29 - Alex Grey, American artist
- December 6 - Gary Ward, baseball player
- December 8 - Kim Basinger, American actress
- December 13 - Ben Bernanke, American economist
- December 13 - Bob Gainey, Canadian hockey player
- December 29 - Stanley Williams, a notorious Crips street gangs (d. 2005)

Deaths

- January 1 - Hank Williams, American musician (b. 1923)
- January 28 - James Scullin, ninth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1876)
- March 2 - Jim Lightbody, American runner (b. 1882)
- March 5 - Herman J. Mankiewicz, American writer and producer (b. 1897)
- March 5 - Sergei Prokofiev, Russian composer (b. 1891)
- March 5 - Joseph Stalin, Soviet leader (b. 1879)
- March 24 - Queen Mary the Dowager Queen Mother, queen of George V of the United Kingdom (b. 1867)
- March 28 - Jim Thorpe, American athlete (b. 1887)
- May 29 - Man Mountain Dean, American professional wrestler (b. 1891)
- July 26 - Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician (b. 1883)
- July 29 - Richard William Pearse, New Zealand airplane pioneer (b. 1877)
- August 22 - Jim Tabor, baseball player (b. 1916)
- September 2 - General Jonathan Wainwright, U.S. Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1883)
- September 8 - Fred M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1890)
- September 28 - Edwin Hubble, American astronomer (b. 1889)
- October 3 - Arnold Bax, English composer (b. 1887)
- October 8 - Kathleen Ferrier, British contralto (b. 1912)
- October 25 - Holger Pedersen, Dutch linguist (b. 1867)
- October 27 - Thomas Wass, English cricketer (b. 1873)
- November 8 - Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1870)
- November 8 - John van Melle, Dutch-born author (b. 1883)
- November 9 - Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author (b. 1914)
- November 21 - Larry Shields, American musician (b. 1893)
- November 27 - Eugene O'Neill, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
- November 28 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- November 29 - Sam De Grasse, Canadian actor (b. 1875)
- November 30 - Francis Picabia, French painter and poet (b. 1879)
- December 18 - Robert Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
- December 27 - Julian Tuwim, Polish poet (b. 1894)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Frits (Frederik) Zernike
- Chemistry - Hermann Staudinger
- Medicine - Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Albert Lipmann
- Literature - Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
- Peace - George Catlett Marshall Category:1953 ko:1953년 ms:1953 ja:1953年 simple:1953 th:พ.ศ. 2496

Ontario

:This article describes the Canadian province. For other usages, see Ontario (disambiguation). Ontario is the most populous and second-largest in area of Canada's ten provinces. It is found in east-central Canada. Its capital is Toronto. Ottawa, the capital of Canada, is also located in Ontario. Ontario has a population (July 1, 2005) of 12,541,410, representing approximately 37.9% of the total Canadian population (Ontarians) and an area of 1,076,395km² (415,598 sq. mi.).

Geography

Ontario is bounded on the north by Hudson Bay and James Bay, on the east by Quebec, on the west by Manitoba, and on the south by the American states of Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York. Ontario's long American border is formed almost entirely by lakes and rivers, starting in Lake of the Woods and continuing to the Saint Lawrence River near Cornwall; it passes through the four Great Lakes on which Ontario has coastline, namely Lakes Superior, Huron (which includes Georgian Bay), Erie, and Ontario (for which the province is named; Ontario itself is an Iroquois word meaning "beautiful lake" or "beautiful water"). There are approximately 250,000 lakes and over 100,000 kilometres of rivers in the province. The province consists of three main geographical regions:
- the thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, a mainly infertile area rich in minerals and studded with lakes and rivers; sub-regions are Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario.
- the mostly unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the extreme north and northeast, mainly swampy and sparsely forested; and
- the temperate, and therefore most populous region, the fertile Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Valley in the south where agriculture and industry are concentrated. Southern Ontario is further sub-divided into four regions; Western Ontario (sometimes called Southwestern Ontario), Golden Horseshore, Central Ontario and Eastern Ontario. The Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern section, its northern extent is parts of the Greater Toronto Area at the western end of Lake Ontario. The Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies 90 per cent of the surface area of the province; conversely Southern Ontario contains 94 per cent of the population (see article Geography of Canada). Point Pelee National Park is a peninsula in southwestern Ontario (near Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan) that extends into Lake Erie and is the part of Canada's mainland furthest south. Pelee Island in Lake Erie is even further south. Both are south of 42°N slighty further south than the northern border of California.

Demographics

The major racial/ethnic groups in Ontario are:
- European: 80.9% (Major groups: English, Irish, Scottish, French, German, Italian)
- South Asian: 4.9%
- Chinese: 3.7%
- Black: 3.6%
- Aboriginal: 1.7%
- Filipino: 1.3%
- Latin-American: 0.9%
- Other: 3.0% Increasing immigration from all parts of the world, especially to Toronto and its environs, is rapidly diversifying the province's ethnic makeup. About five per cent of the population of Ontario is Franco-Ontarian. 10 largest municipalities by population

Weather

Franco-Ontarian The weather in Ontario is very diverse. The south, including Greater Toronto Area receives very hot, humid weather in the summer, as the stronger the Bermuda high pressure over the Atlantic Ocean, the more warm, humid air is transported northward from the the Gulf of Mexico. Severe thunderstorms peak in frequency in June and July, most notably in Southwestern and Central Ontario. Northwestern Ontario also receives short periods of hot weather and severe storms. In the winter, lake effect snow squalls affect three primary areas in Ontario known as the "snow belts", the Algoma District in Northeastern Ontario on the east end of Lake Superior; much of the Georgian Bay shoreline including Killarney, Parry Sound District, Muskoka and Simcoe County; the Lake Huron shore from east of Sarnia northward to the Bruce Peninsula. Wind whipped snowsqualls or lake effect snow can affect areas much further inland, as far as 100km or greater from the shore but the heaviest snows usually occur within 20km from the shoreline. At other times, all regions of the province may encounter snow squalls.

Economy

Ontario's rivers, particularly its share of the Niagara River, make it rich in hydroelectric energy. This competitive advantage, as well as excellent transportation links to the American heartland, has contributed to making manufacturing the principal industry, found mainly in the Golden Horseshoe region, the most industrialized area in Canada. Important products include motor vehicles, iron, steel, food, electrical appliances, machinery, chemicals, and paper. Ontario surpassed the American state of Michigan in car production, assembling 2.696 million vehicles in 2004 (see Canada-United States Automotive Agreement). Some economists believe that the North American Free Trade Agreement has led to a decline in manufacturing in part of North America's manufacturing "Rust Belt" that includes a portion of Southern Ontario from roughly Windsor through to St. Catharines (south of Toronto). This area and the Greater Toronto region contain the bulk of the auto sector in the province. As a result of steeply delcining sales, on November 21, 2005 General Motors announced massive layoffs at production facilities across North America including two large GM plants in Oshawa and a drive train facility in St. Catharines by 2008 resulting in 8,000 job losses in Ontario alone. Uncertainty also looms for money losing Ford Motor Co. and an announcement on cutbacks is likely in the coming weeks. Toronto is the centre of Canada's financial services and banking industry. Surburban cities Brampton and Mississauga are large product distribution centres, in addition to having automobile related industries. The information technology sector is also important, especially around Markham, Waterloo and Ottawa. Mining and the forest products industry, notably pulp and paper, are important to the economy of the Canadian Shield of Northern Ontario. Nominal Gross Domestic Product in 2003 was an estimated C$494.229 billion (40.6% of the Canadian total), larger than the GDP of Austria, Belgium or Sweden. Broken down by sector, the primary sector is 1.8% of total GDP, secondary sector 28.5%, and service sector 69.7%. Further economic information on provincial GDP etc. at [http://www.2ontario.com/welcome/oo_000.asp Ontario Facts]

Agriculture

Gross Domestic Product] Once the dominant industry, agriculture occupies a small percentage of the population. The number of farms has decreased from 68,633 in 1991 to 59,728 in 2001, but farms have increased in average size. Cattle, small grains and dairy were the common types of farms in the 2001 census. The fruit, grape and vegetable growing industry is located primarily on the Niagara Peninsula and along Lake Erie. The Ontario origins of Massey-Ferguson Ltd., once one of the largest farm implement manufacturers in the world, indicate the importance agriculture once had to the Ontario economy (see Geography of Canada for more detail).

History

Pre-1867

Before the arrival of the Europeans, the region was inhabited both by Algonquian (Ojibwa, Cree and Algonquin) and Iroquoian (Iroquois and Huron) tribes. The French explorer Étienne Brûlé explored part of the area in 1610-12. The English explorer Henry Hudson sailed into Hudson Bay in 1611 and claimed the area for England, but Samuel de Champlain reached Lake Huron in 1615 and French missionaries began to establish posts along the Great Lakes. French settlement was hampered by their hostilities with the Iroquois, who would ally themselves with the British.

Image:Ontario.jpg
Map of Ontario, showing CMA's and CA's

The British established trading posts on Hudson Bay in the late 17th century and began a struggle for domination of Ontario. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War by awarding nearly all of France's North American possessions (New France) to Britain. The region was annexed to Quebec in 1774. From 1783 to 1796, the United Kingdom granted United Empire Loyalists leaving the United States following the American Revolution 200 acres (0.8 km²) of land and other items with which to rebuild their lives. This measure substantially increased the population of Canada west of the Ottawa River during this period, a fact recognized by the Constitutional Act of 1791, which split Quebec into The Canadas: Upper Canada west of the Ottawa River, and Lower Canada east of it. John Graves Simcoe was appointed Upper Canada's first Lieutenant-Governor in 1793. American troops in the War of 1812 invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River and the Detroit River but were successfully pushed back by British and Native American forces. The Americans gained control of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, however, and during the Battle of York occupied the Town of York (later named Toronto) in 1813. Not able to hold the town, the departing soldiers burned it to the ground. After the War of 1812, many settlers from the British Isles immigrated to Upper Canada, and began to chafe against the aristocratic Family Compact that governed the region, much as the Château Clique ruled Lower Canada. Accordingly, rebellion in favour of responsible government rose in both regions; Louis-Joseph Papineau led the Lower Canada Rebellion and William Lyon Mackenzie led the Upper Canada Rebellion. For more on the rebellions of 1837, see History of Canada. Although both rebellions were crushed, the British government sent Lord Durham to investigate the causes of the unrest. He recommended that self-government be granted and that Lower and Upper Canada be re-joined in an attempt to assimilate the Québécois. Accordingly, the two colonies were merged into the Province of Canada by the Act of Union (1840), with Ontario becoming known as Canada West. Parliamentary self-government was granted in 1848. Due to heavy immigration the population of Canada West more than doubled by 1851 over the previous decade, and as a result for the first time the English-speaking population of Canada West surpassed the French-speaking population of Canada East. A political stalemate between the French- and English-speaking legislators, as well as fear of aggression from the United States during the American Civil War, led the political elite to hold a series of conferences in the 1860s to effect a broader federal union of all British North American colonies. The British North America Act took effect on July 1, 1867, establishing the Dominion of Canada, initially with four provinces: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. The Province of Canada was divided at this point into Ontario and Quebec so that each linguistic group would have its own province. Both Quebec and Ontario were required by section 93 of the BNA Act to safeguard existing educational rights and privileges of the Protestant and Catholic minorities. Neither province had a constitutional requirement to protect its French- or English-speaking minority. Toronto was formally established as Ontario's provincial capital at this time.

From 1867 to 1896

Once constituted as a province, Ontario proceeded to assert its economic and legislative power. In 1872, the lawyer Oliver Mowat became premier, and remained as premier until 1896. He fought for provincial rights, weakening the power of the federal government in provincial matters, usually through well-argued appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. His battles with the federal government greatly decentralized Canada, giving the provinces far more power than John A. Macdonald had intended. He consolidated and expanded Ontario's educational and provincial institutions, created districts in Northern Ontario, and fought tenaciously to ensure that those parts of Northwestern Ontario not historically part of Upper Canada (the vast areas north and west of the Lake Superior-Hudson Bay watershed, known as the District of Keewatin) would become part of Ontario, a victory embodied in the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889. He also presided over the emergence of the province into the economic powerhouse of Canada. Mowat was the creator of what is often called Empire Ontario. Beginning with Sir John A. Macdonald's the National Policy (1879) and the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (1875-1885) through Northern Ontario and the Prairies to British Columbia, Ontario manufacturing and industry flourished.

From 1896 to the present

Mineral exploitation began in the late 19th century, leading to the rise of important mining centres like Sudbury, Cobalt and Timmins. The province harnessed its water power to generate hydro-electric power, and created the state-controlled Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, later Ontario Hydro. The availability of cheap electric power further facilitated the development of industry. In 1904, the Canadian automobile industry was launched in what is now Windsor, Ontario with the establishment of the Ford Motor Company of Canada. General Motors of Canada Ltd. was formed in 1918. The motor vehicle industry would become the major industrial component of the Ontario economy. In July 1912, the Conservative government of Sir James P. Whitney issued Regulation 17 which severely limited the availability of French-language schooling to the province's French-speaking minority. French-Canadians reacted with outrage, journalist Henri Bourassa denouncing the "Prussians of Ontario". It was eventually repealed in 1927. Influenced by events in the United States, the government of Sir William Hearst introduced prohibition of alcoholic drinks in 1916 with the passing of the Ontario Temperance Act. Prohibition came to an end in 1927 with the establishment of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario by the government of George Howard Ferguson. The sale of liquor and beer is still tightly-controlled by the state to ensure that the maximum revenues go to the provincial treasury. The post-World War II period was one of exceptional prosperity and growth. Ontario, and the Greater Toronto Area in particular, have been the recipients of most immigration to Canada. Changes in federal immigration law have led to a massive influx of non-Europeans since the 1980s. From a largely ethnically British province, Ontario has now become very culturally diverse. The nationalist movement in Quebec, particularly after the election of the Parti Québécois in 1976, contributed to driving many businesses out of Quebec to Ontario, and Toronto surpassed Montreal as the largest city and economic centre of Canada. According to the provincial government website, English is Ontario's official language, although French language rights have been extended to the legal and educational systems under the French Language Services Act of 1990.

Government

1990 The British North America Act 1867 section 69 stipulated "There shall be a Legislature for Ontario consisting of the Lieutenant Governor and of One House, styled the Legislative Assembly of Ontario". The assembly has 103 seats representing ridings elected in a first-past-the-post system across the province. The legislative buildings at Queen's Park in Toronto are the seat of government. Following the Westminster system, the leader of the party currently holding the most seats in the assembly is known as the "Premier and President of the Council" (Executive Council Act R.S.O. 1990). The Premier chooses the cabinet or Executive Council whose members are deemed "ministers of the Crown". Although the Legislative Assembly Act (R.S.O. 1990) refers to members of the assembly, the legislators are now called MPPs (Members of the Provincial Parliament) in English and députés de l'Assemblée législative in French, but they have also been called MLAs (Members of the Legislative Assembly), and both are acceptable. The title of Prime Minister of Ontario, while permissible in English and correct in French (le Premier ministre), is generally avoided in favour of "Premier" to avoid confusion with the Prime Minister of Canada.

Politics

Territorial evolution 1788-1899

Executive Council in Northwestern Ontario.]] Land was not legally subdivided into administrative units until a treaty had been concluded with the native peoples ceding the land (see Royal Proclamation of 1763). In 1788, while part of the Province of Quebec (1763-1791), southern Ontario was divided into four districts: Hesse, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, and Nassau. In 1792, the four districts were renamed: Hesse became the Western District, Lunenburg became the Eastern District, Mecklenburg became the Midland District, and Nassau became the Home District. Counties were created within the districts. By 1798, there were eight districts: Eastern, Home, Johnstown, London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara and Western. By 1826, there were eleven districts: Bathurst, Eastern, Gore, Home, Johnstown, London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara, Ottawa, and Western. By 1838, there were twenty districts: Bathurst, Brock, Colbourne, Dalhousie, Eastern, Gore, Home, Huron, Johnstown, London, Midland, Newcastle, Niagara, Ottawa, Prince Edward, Simcoe, Talbot, Victoria, Wellington and Western. In 1849, the districts of southern Ontario were abolished by the Province of Canada and county governments took over certain municipal responsibilities. The Province of Canada also began creating districts in sparsely populated Northern Ontario with the establishment of Algoma District and Nipissing District in 1858. The northern and western boundaries of Ontario were in dispute after Confederation. Ontario's right to Northwestern Ontario was determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884 and confirmed by the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. By 1899, there were seven northern districts: Algoma, Manitoulin, Muskoka, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Rainy River, and Thunder Bay. Four more northern districts were created between 1907 and 1912: Cochrane, Kenora, Sudbury and Temiskaming.
- [http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/exhibits/maps/districts.htm Early Districts and Counties 1788-1899]

External links

- [http://www.gov.on.ca/ Government of Ontario]
- [http://atlas.gc.ca/rasterimages/english/maps/reference/provincesterritories/ont_new.pdf Map]
- [http://www.ontariotenants.ca/government/mpp.phtml Ontario MPP Contact Information]
- [http://www.ontarioghosttowns.com/ Ontario Ghost Towns and Abandoned Places]
- [http://www.historicbridges.org/b_s_ont.htm Learn about and see photos of historic bridges in southwestern Ontario]
- zh-min-nan:Ontario ko:온타리오 주 ja:オンタリオ州 simple:Ontario

Ice hockey

Ice hockey, known simply as hockey in Canada and the United States, is a team sport played on ice. It is one of the world's fastest sports, with players on skates capable of going high speeds on natural or artificial ice surfaces. The most prominent ice hockey nations are Canada, United States, Russia, Sweden, Finland, Czech Republic, and Slovakia. In all there are 64 members in the International Ice Hockey Federation. As one might expect, its worldwide popularity is concentrated primarily in locales cold enough for natural, long-term seasonal ice cover. It is the official national winter sport of Canada, and it is comparably popular in certain regions of the United States (notably the Northeast, the Northern Midwest, and Alaska). The parts of North America which have the strongest followings of the sport are often called "hockey country". Although it is the least watched major professional sport in the United States, it enjoys intense popularity in Canada. It is generally accepted that about 10 million Canadians watched the 2002 Olympic gold medal hockey game on television, in which Canada defeated the United States 5-2. While most of the countries mentioned above have their own professional ice hockey league, North America's National Hockey League, commonly called the NHL, is considered the world's premier professional ice hockey league and attracts almost all of the world's elite players.

Game

National Hockey League Ice hockey is played on a hockey rink by six players per side, each of whom is on ice skates. The objective of the game is to score goals by playing a hard vulcanized rubber disc, the puck, into the opponent's goal net, which is placed at the opposite end of the rink. The players may control the puck using a long stick with a blade that is commonly curved at one end. Players may also redirect the puck with any part of their bodies, subject to certain restrictions. One of the six players is typically a goaltender, whose primary job is to stop the puck from entering the net, and who is permitted unique gear towards that end. goaltender The other five players are divided into three forwards and two defencemen. The forward positions are named left wing, center and right wing. Forwards often play together as units or lines, with the same three forwards always playing together. The defencemen usually stay together as a pair, but may change less frequently than the forwards. A substitution of an entire unit at once is called a line change. Substitutions are permitted at any time during the course of the game, although during a stoppage of play the home team is permitted the final change. When players are substituted during play, it is called changing on the fly. The boards surrounding the ice help keep the puck in play, and play often proceeds for minutes without interruption. When play is stopped, it is restarted with a faceoff. There are two major rules of play in ice hockey that limit the movement of the puck: offside and icing. In most competitive leagues, each team may carry at most 23 players on its game roster, two of whom are typically goaltenders. North American professional leagues restrict the total number of skaters to 18 or fewer. The remaining characteristics of the game often depend on the particular code of play being used. The two most important codes are those of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) and of the North American National Hockey League (NHL), the world's top professional league. North American amateur hockey codes, such as those of Hockey Canada and USA Hockey, tend to be a hybrid of the NHL and IIHF codes, while professional rules generally follow those of the NHL.

Penalties

USA Hockey A typical game of ice hockey has two to four officials on the ice charged with enforcing the rules of the game. There are typically two linesmen, who are responsible only for calling offside and icing violations, and one or two referees, who call goals and all other penalties. In men's hockey, but not in women's, a player may use his hip or shoulder to hit another player if the player has the puck or is the last to have touched it. This use of the hip and shoulder is called body checking. Not all physical contact is legal -- in particular, most forceful stick-on-body contact is illegal -- as there are many infractions for which a player may be assessed a penalty. For most penalties, the offending player is sent to the penalty box and his team has to play without him for a short amount of time, giving the other team what is popularly termed a power play. A two-minute minor penalty is often called for lesser infractions such as tripping, elbowing, roughing, boarding, high-sticking, too many players on the ice, illegal equipment, charging (leaping into an opponent), holding, interference, delay of game, hooking, or cross-checking. More egregious fouls of this type may be penalized by a four-minute double-minor penalty, particularly those which (inadvertently) cause injury to the victimized player. These penalties end either when the time runs out or the other team scores on the power play; in the case of a goal scored during the first two minutes of a double minor, the penalty clock is set down to two minutes upon a score (effectively expiring the first minor). Five-minute major penalties are called for especially violent instances of most minor infractions which result in intentional injury to an opponent, as well as for fighting (from which comes the band Five for Fighting) and spearing. Major penalties are always served in full: they do not terminate on a goal scored by the other team. Two varieties of penalty do not always require the offending team to play a man down. Ten-minute misconduct penalties are served in full by the penalized player, but his team may immediately substitute another player on the ice unless a minor or major penalty is assessed in conjunction with the misconduct (a two-and-ten or five-and-ten). In that case, the team designates another player to serve the minor or major; both players go to the penalty box, but only the designee may not be replaced, and he is released upon the expiration of the two or five minutes, at which point the ten-minute misconduct begins. The rare game misconducts are assessed for deliberate intent to inflict severe injury on an opponent. The offending player is ejected from the game and must immediately leave the playing surface (he does not sit in the penalty box); meanwhile, if a minor or major is assessed in addition, a designated player must serve out that segment of the penalty in the box (similar to the above-mentioned "two-and-ten"). A player who is tripped by an opponent on a breakaway – when there are no defenders except the goaltender between him and the opponent's goal – is awarded a penalty shot, an attempt to score without opposition from any defenders except the goaltender. A penalty shot is also awarded for a defender other than the goaltender covering the puck in the goal crease. Officials also stop play for puck movement violations, but no players are penalized for these offenses. The sole exceptions are deliberately falling on or gathering the puck to the body, carrying the puck in the hand, and shooting the puck out of play in one's defensive zone (all penalized two minutes for delay of game). Games are overseen by Official (ice hockey) that are selected by the league for which they work. The most common officiating organisation is [http://www.usahockey.com USA Hockey], where referees are selected for games depending on their experience level (one, two, three, or four. Officials are divided into on-ice officals and off-ice officals.

Tactics

Official (ice hockey) An important defensive tactic is checking – attempting to take the puck from an opponent or to remove the opponent from play. Forechecking is checking in the other team's zone, backchecking is checking while the other team is advancing down the ice toward one's own goal; these terms usually are applied to checking by forwards. Stick checking, sweep checking, and poke checking are legal uses of the stick to obtain possession of the puck. Body checking is using one's shoulder or hip to strike an opponent who has the puck or who is the last to have touched it. Offensive tactics include improving a team's position on the ice by advancing the puck out of one's zone towards the opponent's zone, progressively by gaining lines, first your own blue line, then the red line and finally the opponent's blue line. Offensive tactics are designed ultimately to score a goal by taking a shot. When a player purposefully directs the puck towards the opponent's goal, he or she is said to shoot the puck. A deflection is a shot which redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal from another player, by allowing the puck to strike the stick and carom towards the goal. A one-timer is a shot which is struck directly off a pass, without receiving the pass and shooting in two separate actions. A deke (short for decoy) is a feint with the body and/or stick to fool a defender or the goalie. Headmanning the puck is the tactic of rapidly passing to the player farthest down the ice. A team that is losing by one or two goals in the last few minutes of play may elect to pull the goalie; that is, removing the goaltender and replacing him or her with an extra attacker on the ice in the hope of gaining enough advantage to score a goal. However, this tactic is extremely risky, and as often as not leads to the winning team scoring a goal in the empty net. Although it is officially prohibited in the rules, at the professional level fights are sometimes used to affect morale of the teams, with aggressors hoping to demoralize the opposing players while exciting their own, as well as settling personal scores. Both players in an altercation receive five-minute major penalties for fighting. The player deemed to be the "instigator" of an NHL fight is penalized an additional two minutes for instigating, plus a ten-minute misconduct penalty. This so-called instigator rule is highly controversial in NHL hockey: many coaches, sportswriters, players and fans feel it prevents players from effectively policing the objectionable behavior of their peers, which is often cleverly hidden from referees. They point to less extreme on-ice violence during the era before the rule was introduced. Toronto Maple Leafs owner Conn Smythe famously observed that "If you can't beat 'em in the alley you can't beat 'em on the ice."

Periods and overtime

A game consists of three periods of twenty minutes each, the clock running only when the puck is in play. In international play, the teams change ends for the second period, again for the third period, and again after ten minutes of the third period. In many North American leagues, including the NHL, the last change is omitted. Various procedures are used if a game is tied. In tournament play, as well as in the NHL playoffs, North Americans favor sudden death overtime, in which the teams continue to play until a goal is scored. Prior to the 2004-05 NHL season , the National Hockey League decided ties by playing a single five-minute sudden death overtime period, with the added stipulation that each side can play with a maximum of five players on the ice during the overtime. International play and several North American professional leagues, including the NHL, now use an overtime period followed by a penalty shootout. If the score remains tied after an extra overtime period, the subsequent shootout consists of five (or three) players from each team taking penalty shots. After these six (or ten) total shots, the team with the most goals is awarded the victory. If the score is still tied, the shootout then proceeds to a sudden death (actually sudden victory) format. Regardless of the number of goals scored during the shootout by either team, the final score recorded will give the winning team one more goal than the score at the end of regulation time.

Equipment

The hard surfaces of the ice and boards, pucks flying at high speed (over 160 km/h at times), and other players maneuvering (and often intentionally colliding) pose a multitude of inherent safety hazards. Besides skates and sticks, hockey players are usually equipped with an array of safety gear to lessen their risk of serious injury. This usually includes a helmet, shoulder pads, elbow pads, mouth guard, protective gloves, heavily padded pants, a 'jock' athletic protector, and leg guards. Goaltenders wear masks and much bulkier, specialized equipment designed to protect them from many direct hits from pucks. Youth and college hockey players are required to wear a mask made from metal wire or transparent plastic attached to their helmet that protects their face during play. Professional and adult players may instead wear a visor that protects only their eyes, or no mask at all; however, some provincial and state legislations require full facial protection at all non-professional levels. Rules regarding visors and face masks are mildly controversial at professional levels, as some players feel that they interfere with their vision or breathing and/or encourage carrying of the stick up high, in a reckless manner, while others believe that they are a necessary safety precaution. In fact, the adoption of safety equipment has been a gradual one at the North American professional level, where even helmets were not mandatory until the 1980s. The famous goalie, Jacques Plante, had to suffer a hard blow to the face with a flying puck in 1959 before he could persuade his coach to allow him to wear a protective goalie mask in play.

History

The history of ice hockey is one of the most contested in all of sports. The city of Montreal had been traditionally credited with being the birthplace of hockey, but early paintings contest this claim; 16th-century Dutch paintings show a number of townsfolk playing a hockey-like game on a frozen canals. city of Montreal city of Montreal Kingston, Ontario and Windsor, Nova Scotia also lay claim to its origins for similar reasons. The origin of the word hockey is officially unknown, it may derive from the Old French word hoquet, shepherd's crook, but it may also derive from the Middle Dutch word hokkie which is the diminutive of 'hok', meaning litterally meaning 'shack' or 'doghouse' but in popular use meant goal. When Great Britain conquered Canada from France in 1763, soldiers used their knowledge of field hockey and the physically aggressive aspects of what the Mi'kmaq Aboriginal First Nation in Nova Scotia called dehuntshigwa'es (lacrosse). As Canadian winters are long and harsh, new winter sports were always welcomed. Using cheese cutters strapped to their boots, both English- and French-speaking Canadians played the game on frozen rivers, lakes, and ponds. Early paintings show hockey being played in Nova Scotia, as well as in the state of Virginia in the United States. On March 3, 1875, the first ever organized indoor game was played in Montreal, as recorded in the Montreal Gazette. In 1877, in order to make some sense of the game, McGill students, James Creighton, Henry Joseph, Richard F. Smith, W. F. Robertson and W. L. Murray invented seven ice hockey rules. Having an organized system in place, the game became so popular that it was featured for the first time in Montreal's annual Winter Carnival in 1883. In 1888, the governor general of Canada, Lord Stanley of Preston (whose sons were hockey enthusiasts), attended the Carnival and was so impressed with the hockey spectacle that he thought there should be a championship trophy for the best team. The Stanley Cup was first awarded then to the champion amateur team in Canada, and continues to be awarded today to the National Hockey League's championship team. As an interesting historical footnote, one of Lord Stanley's sons was instrumental in introducing ice hockey to the United Kingdom and from there, to Europe at large. By 1893, Winnipeg hockey players incorporated cricket pads to better protect the goaltender's legs. They also introduced the "scoop" shot, later known as the wrist shot. In the Upper Penninsula of Michigan, Houghton, MI was the birthplace of professional ice hockey in the United States when the Portage Lakers were formed in 1899. The National Hockey League was formed in November of 1917, when members of the former National Hockey Association were engaged in a dispute with one of their fellow owners over insurance proceeds. The NHA disbanded, and the new league began play in December of that year. On February 16, 2005, the NHL became the first major professional team sport in North America to cancel an entire season because of a labour dispute. Play resumed again in the fall of 2005.

Women's ice hockey

cancel an entire season Ice hockey is one of the fastest growing women's sports in the world, with the number of participants increasing 400 percent in the last 10 years. While there are not as many organized leagues for women as there are for men, there exist leagues of all levels, including the National Women's Hockey League, Western Women's Hockey League, and various European leagues; as well as university teams, national and Olympic teams, and recreational teams. There have been nine IIHF World Women Championships. The chief difference between women's and men's ice hockey is that bodychecking is not allowed in women's ice hockey. After the 1990 Women's World Championship, bodychecking was eliminated because women in many countries do not have the size and mass seen in North American players. There are many who feel that the relative lack of physical play is a detriment to its popularity among the mainstream hockey public. One woman, Manon Rhéaume, appeared as a goaltender for the Tampa Bay Lightning in preseason games against the St. Louis Blues and the Boston Bruins, and in 2003 Hayley Wickenheiser signed with the Kirkkonummi Salamat in the Finnish men's Suomi-sarja league. Several women have competed in North American minor leagues, including goaltenders Kelly Dyer, Erin Whitten and Rheaume, and forward Angela Ruggeiro.

International competition

Europeans highly regard the annual men's Ice Hockey World Championships, but it is less important to North Americans, because it coincides with the NHL playoffs and, therefore, in North Americans' view, Canada and the United States cannot field the best team since many of their players are unavailable. Now that most Europeans play in the NHL, the world championships no longer represent the best of any nation's players. Hockey has been played at the Winter Olympics since 1924 (and at the summer games in 1920). Canada won six of the first seven gold medals. The USSR won all but two Olympic ice hockey golds from 1956 to 1988, and won a final time as the Unified Team at the 1992 Albertville Olympics. Since all players in the communist system were "amateurs," the USSR's elite national team was the best the country had to offer, while the best Americans, Swedes, Finns, and Canadians were professionals and thus barred from Olympic competition. Nonetheless, American amateur college players defeated the heavily favored Soviet squad on the way to winning the gold medal at the 1980 Lake Placid Olympics. This "Miracle on Ice" launched a surge of newfound popularity for a game many Americans had not cared much about before. The 1972 Summit Series established Canada and the USSR as a major international ice hockey rivalry. It was followed by five Canada Cup tournaments, where the best players from every hockey nation could play. This tournament later became the World Cup of Hockey, played in in 1996 and 2004. Since 1998, NHL professionals have played in the Olympics as well, so that the best in the world have had more opportunities to face off. There have been nine women's world championships, beginning in 1990. Women's hockey has been played at the Olympics since 1998. Currently Canada and the US dominate the world scene (all world championship and Olympic finals have involved both countries).

Terminology

World Cup of Hockey net, while visiting the Powerade Centre.]]

External links

- [http://www.iihf.com/ International Ice Hockey Federation]
- [http://www.hhof.com/ Hockey Hall Of Fame]
- [http://www.nhl.com/ National Hockey League]
- [http://www.youthhockeyforum.com/ Youth Hockey]
- [http://hockeydb.com/ North American Statistics Database]
- [http://www.eurohockey.net/players/ European Player Statistics Database]
- [http://www.hockeyrefs.com/ HockeyRefs.com]
- [http://www.hockeysfuture.com/ Hockey's Future]
- [http://www.hockey.to/ Toronto Hockey]
- [http://www.tmlforum.com/ Toronto Maple Leafs discussion boards]
- [http://www.NHLReplay.com/ NHL Hockey discussion boards]
- [http://www.achahockey.org/ American Collegiate Hockey Association]

Notes

# Category:Olympic sports Category:Hockey Category:Winter sports Category:Team sports Category:Skating ja:アイスホッケー simple:Ice hockey

Boston Bruins

The Boston Bruins are a National Hockey League (NHL) team based in Boston, Massachusetts. Their logo is comprised of a black "B" in a black circle with gold spokes radiating from the center. :Founded: 1924 :Team Colors: Black and gold :Home Arena: TD Banknorth Garden ::Former Home Arenas: Boston Arena (1924-1927); Boston Garden (1928-1995) :Stanley Cup wins: 5 - 1929, 1939, 1941, 1970, 1972. :Stanley Cup runner-up: 11 - 1930, 1943, 1946, 1953, 1957, 1958, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1988, 1990. :President's Trophy wins: 1 - 1990. Also the NHL's regular season champion in 1930, 1931, 1933, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1971, 1972, 1974 and 1983. :Main Rivals: Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers. :One of the NHL's 'Original Six' franchises, along with the Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs.

Franchise history

The Pre-War years

Toronto Maple Leafs In 1924, at the convincing of Boston grocery magnate Charles Adams, the NHL decided to expand into the United States. As a long-time hockey hotbed, Boston was a natural for the NHL's first genuine expansion team. Adams and his family would own the team for most of the next fifty years, and his club, which he named the Bruins, finished last in the league in their first season but garnered overwhelming fan support. The color scheme of brown and gold (in later years changing to black and gold) came from Adams' grocery chain. In only their third season (1926-27), the team's fortune changed. Art Ross, the canny general manager of the team, took advantage of the collapse of the Western Hockey League to purchase several western stars, including the team's first great star, defenseman Eddie Shore. The Bruins reached the Stanley Cup final, losing then to the Ottawa Senators, but won their first Cup two years later by defeating the New York Rangers behind Shore, Harry Oliver, Dutch Gainor and superstar goaltender Tiny Thompson. The season after that (1929-30), the Bruins posted the best-ever regular season winning percentage in the NHL (an astonishing .875), but would lose to the Montreal Canadiens in the finals. Montreal Canadiens Except for a couple seasons, the Bruins would remain excellent through the 1930s with superb players such as Shore, Thompson, Dit Clapper, Babe Siebert, and Cooney Weiland, but failed to capture their second Cup until 1939. That year, in a move considered insane by hockey pundits, Ross dealt Thompson in favor of untried rookie goaltender Frank Brimsek. "Mr. Zero" Brimsek would electrify the league in his rookie season, and headlined by the "Kraut Line" (center Milt Schmidt, left winger Bobby Bauer, and right winger Woody Dumart), playmaking wizard Bill Cowley, Shore, Clapper, and unexpected hero "Sudden Death" Mel Hill (who scored three overtime goals in one playoff series), the Bruins won the Cup. Shore was dealt to the New York Americans for his final NHL season the next year, but the season following, the Bruins -- having led the league in a magnificent regular season, with only eight losses, won their third Stanley Cup with Weiland as their new coach, behind the brilliance of Cowley, the Krauts and Brimsek.

World War II and the "Original Six" Era

regular season Unfortunately, World War II decimated the Bruins worse than most teams; Brimsek, Schmidt, Dumart and Bauer all enlisted after the 1941 season, and lost the most productive years of their careers at war. Cowley, assisted by elder statesmen Clapper and Busher Jackson, was the team's remaining star. Even though the NHL had by 1943 pared down to the six teams that would in a later era be -- erroneously -- called the "Original Six", talent was depleted enough that freak seasons could predominate, as in 1944, when Bruin Herb Cain would set the NHL record for points in a season with 82. The Bruins wouldn't make the playoffs that year, and Cain would be out of the bigs two years after that. 1944 The stars would return for the 1945-46 NHL season, and Boston would make the playoffs for the next four seasons under Clapper as the new coach. Unfortunately, Brimsek was not again as good as he was pre-war, and after 1946 the Bruins lost in the first playoff round three straight years, resulting in Clapper's ouster. An ominous bit of misfortune came with the banning of young star Don Gallinger for life on suspicion of gambling, and the only remaining quality young player who remained with the team for any length was forward Johnny Peirson, who would later be the team's TV color announcer in the Seventies. Although there were some flashes of success thereafter (such as making the Stanley Cup finals in 1953, 1957, and 1958, only to lose to the Montreal Canadiens each time), the Bruins won no more Cups over the next twenty-five years after 1941. Further, in an era dominated by the Canadiens, the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Detroit Red Wings, the Bruins mustered only four winning seasons between 1947 and 1967. They missed the playoffs eight straight years between 1960 and 1967, but fan support remained high -- the Bruins consistently outdrew the Boston Celtics team, perennial professional basketball world champions. During this period, the farm system of the Bruins was not as expansive or well developed as most of the other five teams. The Bruins sought players not protected by the other teams and in 1958 signed Willie O'Ree the first black player in the NHL and in 1962 signed Tommy Williams from the gold medal winning American national men's hockey team at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Olympics who was at the time the only American player in the NHL.

Expansion and the Big, Bad Bruins

American There came change by the late 1960s. The Bruins drafted young Bobby Orr who entered the league in 1966 and would be in the eyes of many the greatest defenseman of all time. They would then obtain Phil Esposito, Ken Hodge and Fred Stanfield from the Chicago Blackhawks in one of the most one-sided deals in history. Hodge and Stanfield became useful players in Boston, but Esposito would blossom into the league's top goal scorer, being the first NHL player to break the one hundred point mark and setting many goal and point scoring records. With other stars like wingers Johnny Bucyk, John McKenzie, Hodge and Derek Sanderson, steady defenders like Dallas Smith and goaltender Gerry Cheevers, the "Big, Bad Bruins" became one of the league's top teams from the late 1960s through the 1970s, combining a rugged, barroom style of play with one of the greatest offensive juggernauts the NHL had ever seen. In 1970, a 29-year Stanley Cup drought came to an end in Boston, as the Bruins swept the St. Louis Blues in four games in the finals. Bobby Orr scored the game-winning goal in overtime of Game Four. The famous image of Orr scoring, while being tripped up and flying through the air after the goal, his arms raised in victory, remains perhaps the best-known photograph in professional hockey to this present day. St. Louis Blues 1971 was in respects the high watermark of the Seventies for Boston. The Bruins' dominance was cataclysmic, shattering dozens of offensive scoring records. They had seven of the league's top ten scorers -- a feat not achieved before or since -- set the record for wins in a season, and in a league that had never seen a 100-point scorer before 1969, the Bruins had four that season. All (Orr, Esposito, Bucyk and Hodge) were named First Team All-Stars, a feat matched in the expansion era only by the 1977 Canadiens. Boston looked poised to repeat as Cup champions, but ran into a roadblock in the playoffs. Up 5-1 at one point in Game Two of a quarter-final match against the Canadiens (and rookie goaltender Ken Dryden), the Bruins squandered it to lose 7-5. They never recovered and lost the series in seven games. While the Bruins were not quite as dominant the next season (although only three points behind the 1971 pace), they returned to glory in the playoffs, defeating a strong challenge from the New York Rangers in six games in the Cup finals behind Orr's wizardry. The 1972 Cup win is Boston's most recent to date. 1972 Boston continued to dominate through the 1970s (despite losing Cheevers, McKenzie, Sanderson and other stars to the renegade World Hockey Association), only to come up short in the playoffs. Although they had three 100-point scorers on the team (Esposito, Orr and Hodge), they would lose the 1974 finals to the rough Philadelphia Flyers. The flamboyant Don Cherry stepped behind the bench as the new coach in 1974-75. The Bruins stocked themselves with enforcers and remained a threat under Cherry's reign, the so-called "Lunch Pail A.C.," behind players such as slick Gregg Sheppard, rugged Terry O'Reilly and high-scoring Peter McNab. Peter McNab Orr, however, did not. He left the Bruins for the Chicago Blackhawks after the 1975-76 NHL season and retired after many knee operations in 1979. The Bruins excelled without him (picking up another great blueliner, Brad Park, from the Rangers (along with Jean Ratelle) in a blockbuster trade early in the season that would see Esposito join the New York squad) as they made the semi-finals again, losing to the Flyers. Cheevers returned from the WHA in 1977, and the Bruins would get past the Flyers in the semi-finals, but would lose to the Canadiens in the race for the Cup. The story would repeat itself in 1978. The 1979 semi-final series against the Canadiens proved to be Cherry's undoing. In the deciding seventh game, the Bruins, up by a goal, were called for having too many men on the ice in the late stages of the third period. Montreal tied the game on the ensuing power play and won in overtime.

The Eighties and Nineties

1979 Coupled with front office dislike of Cherry's outspoken ways, the following season saw his replacement as coach by Fred Creighton in 1979, a newly-retired Cheevers the following year, and the coming of Ray Bourque. The defenseman -- one of the true greats of NHL history -- was an icon for the team for over two decades, although in the end it took a trade to the Colorado Avalanche for him to win the Stanley Cup. The Bruins made the playoffs every year through the 1980s behind stars such as Park, Bourque and Rick Middleton -- and had the league's best record in 1983 behind a Vezina-winning season from ex-Flyer goaltender Pete Peeters -- but usually did not get very far. By the late 1980s, they were once again a force. In addition to Bourque, players like the indomitable Cam Neely, Keith Crowder, and Don Sweeney would lead the Bruins to another finals appearance in 1988 against the Edmonton Oilers. The Bruins lost in a four-game sweep, but created a memorable moment in Game 4, when the lights at the Boston Garden went out in the second period with the game tied. The rest of the game was cancelled and the series shifted to Edmonton. Boston returned to the finals in 1990 (with Neely, Bourque, Craig Janney, and Bobby Carpenter leading the team in scoring, and Andy Moog and Rejean Lemelin splitting goaltending duties), but would again lose to the Oilers. The 1990s were not kind to the Bruins. Despite picking up more talent like Adam Oates, Rick Tocchet, and Jozef Stumpel, they did not get past the second round of the playoffs after 1992 (their second consecutive conference final loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins). In 1997, they missed the playoffs for the first time in 30 years, having set the North American major professional record for most consecutive seasons in the playoffs. The 1990s also saw the Bruins moving from the storied Boston Garden, to their new home, the FleetCenter, now known as the TD Banknorth Garden. Their bitterest archrivals have historically been the Montreal Canadiens, but the Canadiens' lack of success in recent years has muted the century-old rivalry.

The 21st Century

Montreal Canadiens The Bruins got off to a poor start in the new century. Despite a 15 point improvement from the previous season, the Bruins missed the playoffs in 2000-01. They finished with 88 points, which left them out of the playoff picture, in a tie with the 8th place Carolina Hurricanes, behind the coaching of both Pat Burns and Mike Keenan. The following season (2001-02) saw the Bruins with a 13 point improvement, their first Northeast Division title since 1993 and a solid core built around Joe Thornton, Sergei Samsonov, Brian Rolston, Bill Guerin, and the newly acquired Glen Murray. Their regular season success didn't translate to postseason success, as they bowed out in six games to the underdog 8th-place Montreal Canadiens. Goaltending was the biggest flaw in the previous season, as Byron Dafoe struggled in the playoffs. The 2002-03 season saw very little improvement between the pipes, as the Bruins entered the season with weak goaltending once again. They platooned between the inconsistent Steve Shields and the inexperienced John Grahame for most of the season, but a mid-season trade brought in veteran Jeff Hackett, who showed signs of improvement, but wasn't the answer to the Bruins problems. The Bruins managed to finish 7th and lose to the eventual Stanley Cup Champion New Jersey Devils in 5 games. The 2003-04 season was sure to be an odd season, with two rookies playing key roles. The Bruins again failed to bring in a solid goaltender and began the season with yet another inconsistent goalie between the pipes, Felix Potvin. Potvin started out solid, but struggled soon enough, forcing the Bruins to put rookie Andrew Raycroft into the starting role. Raycroft proved superb and finally gave the Bruins an answer to their goaltending problems. Raycroft, as well as Thornton, Samsonov, Rolston, Murray, Mike Knuble, Nick Boynton, and rookie Patrice Bergeron carried the Bruins to another division title. The Bruins appeared destined to get out of the first round for the first time in five years, with a solid 3-1 series lead on the rival Montreal Canadiens. The Canadiens miraculously rallied back to win three straight games, upsetting the Bruins once again. The Bruins continue to search for the right coach, as they've gone through 5 coaches in 3 years. The 2004-05 NHL season was wiped out by a lockout, and the Bruins appear to be in good position, with a lot of space in the salary cap that will be implemented in time for the 2005-06 NHL season. The salary cap space was used to bring in big name free agents such as Alexei Zhamnov, Brian Leetch and re-signing Glen Murray. Early in the 2005-2006 season, backup goaltender Hannu Toivonen has displayed his case, in relief of a struggling Raycroft, to be the Bruins number one goalie for years to come. On November 30th, 2005, after struggling and underachieving immensely 2 months into the season, the Bruins traded their franchise player, Joe Thornton. In exchange, the Bruins recieved Marco Sturm, Brad Stuart and Wayne Primeau from the San Jose Sharks. After losing 10 of 11 games, the Bruins stormed back in the first game after the trade with a 3-0 victory over the 19-3 Ottawa Senators.

Season-by-season record

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes :¹ Season was shortened due to the 1994-95 NHL lockout. :² Season was cancelled due to the 2004-05 NHL lockout.

Notable Players

Current Squad

As of December 1, 2005 [http://tsn.ca/nhl/feature/?fid=8945&hubname=]

Hall of Famers

- Marty Barry
- Bobby Bauer
- Leo Boivin
- Raymond Bourque
- Frank Brimsek
- Johnny Bucyk
- Gerry Cheevers
- Dit Clapper
- Sprague Cleghorn
- Roy Conacher
- Bill Cowley
- Cy Denneny
- Woody Dumart
- Phil Esposito
- Fernie Flaman
- Frank Fredrickson

- Busher Jackson
- Tom Johnson
- Harry Lumley
- Cam Neely
- Harry Oliver
- Bobby Orr
- Brad Park
- Bill Quackenbush
- Jean Ratelle
- Milt Schmidt
- Eddie Shore
- Babe Siebert
- Nels Stewart
- Tiny Thompson
- Cooney Weiland

Team captains

- no captain 1924-27
- Lionel Hitchman 1927-31
- George Owen 1931-32
- Dit Clapper 1932-38
- Cooney Weiland 1938-39
- Dit Clapper 1939-46
- Dit Clapper & John Crawford 1946-47
- John Crawford 1947-50
- Milt Schmidt 1950-54
- Milt Schmidt/Ed Sandford 1954-55
- Fernie Flaman 1955-61
- Don McKenney 1961-63
- Leo Boivin 1963-66

- John Bucyk 1966-67
- no captain 1967-73
- John Bucyk 1973-77
- Wayne Cashman 1977-83
- Terry O'Reilly 1983-85
- Ray Bourque/Rick Middleton 1985-88 (co-captains)
- Ray Bourque 1988-00
- Jason Allison 2000-01
- no captain 2001-02
- Joe Thornton 2002-05
- no captain 2005-present

Not to be forgotten

- Jack Crawford
- Keith Crowder
- Byron Dafoe
- Gary Doak
- Gilles Gilbert
- Ted Green
- Jim Henry
- Flash Hollett
- Bronco Horvath
- Eddie Johnston
- Steve Kasper
- Leo Labine
- Ken Linseman

- Fleming Mackell
- Don Marcotte
- Mike Milbury
- Doug Mohns
- Andy Moog
- Barry Pederson
- Ed Sandford
- Gregg Sheppard
- Vic Stasiuk
- Joe Thornton
- Jerry Toppazzini
- Glen Wesley
- Ed Westfall

Retired Numbers

- 2 Eddie Shore, D, 1926-40
- 3 Lionel Hitchman, D, 1925-34
- 4 Bobby Orr, D, 1966-76
- 5 Aubrey "Dit" Clapper, D, 1927-47; Head Coach, 1945-49
- 7 Phil Esposito, C, 1967-75
- 8 Cam Neely, LW, 1986-96
- 9 Johnny Bucyk, LW, 1955-78
- 15 Milt Schmidt, C, 1936-55; Head Coach, 1954-66; General Manager, 1968-72
- 24 Terry O'Reilly, RW, 1972-85; Head Coach, 1986-89
- 77 Ray Bourque, D, 1979-2000
- 99 Wayne Gretzky (retired league-wide by the NHL)

External link

- [http://www.bostonbruins.com/ Boston Bruins official web site] Category:Boston Bruins ja:ボストン・ブルーインズ

Oshawa Generals

The Oshawa Generals are a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). They are based in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. :Founded: 1937-1938 named the Generals (because then sponsored by General Motors), team goes back to 1908-1909 :Arena: Oshawa Civic Auditorium (capacity: 4,025) :Uniform Colours: Blue, White, Red :Logo Design: "Oshawa" written in red script with "GENERALS" underscore :Division titles won: 3 (1987, 1990, 1991) :J. Ross Robertson Cup final appearances: 15 (1935 (lost by default), 1938 (won), 1939 (won), 1940 (won), 1941 (won), 1942 (won), 1943 (won), 1944 (won), 1946 (lost), 1966 (won), 1983 (won), 1987 (won), 1990 (won), 1991 (lost), 1997 (won)) :Memorial Cup final appearances: 10 (1938 (lost), 1939 (won), 1940 (won), 1942 (lost), 1943 (lost), 1944 (won), 1966 (lost), 1983 (lost), 1987 (lost), 1990 (won)) The first Oshawa team in the Ontario Hockey Association junior division began play in the 1908-1909 season. This team was later known as the Shamrocks, the Majors, the Generals, the Red Devils, and the Junior G Men. In 1937 the team settled on the name Generals, with General Motors of Canada as sponsor. The team played in OHA Junior A, the top tier of junior competition, through the 1952-1953 season. In September, 1953, the team's arena (Hambly's Arena) burned down, and the team was disbanded. Oshawa was not represented in junior hockey again till 1960, when the team was reactivated in the Metro Junior A league, a step below the OHA Junior A circuit. In 1963 the Metro Junior A league was disbanded, and Oshawa returned to OHA Junior A, which eventually became the Ontario Hockey League.

Players of note

- Bryan Allen
- Dave Andreychuk
- Jason Arnott
- Fred Brathwaite
- Wayne Cashman
- Joe Cirella
- Dale Craigwell
- Floyd Curry
- Alex Delvecchio
- Bill Ezinicki
- Lee Fogolin
- Iain Fraser
- Gilles Gratton
- Jeff Hackett
- Dan Hinote
- Nathan Horton
- Eric Lindros
- Ted Lindsay
- John MacLean
- Kirk McLean
- Jeff McMillan
- Rick Middleton
- Gus Mortson
- Terry O'Reilly
- Bobby Orr
- Rob Pearson
- Nathan Perrott
- Marc Savard
- Richard Scott
- Harry Sinden
- Dale Tallon
- Tony Tanti
- Billy Taylor
- John Tripp
- Stephane Yelle

Retired numbers

2 - Bobby Orr (unofficially)

External links

- [http://www.oshawagenerals.com/ Official site]
- [http://www.ohlarenaguide.com/generals.htm The OHL Arena & Travel Guide - Oshawa Civic Auditorium, Oshawa Generals] Category:Ontario Hockey League Category:Ontario sports

Source

Babe Barr, Bobby Attersley, and Bill Kurelo (1978). A History of the Oshawa Generals. Toronto: Chimo

American Hockey League

The American Hockey League (AHL) is regarded as the top professional hockey league in North America outside the National Hockey League (NHL). It serves as a developmental league for the NHL, and all of its 27 active teams have affiliation agreements with NHL clubs. The league traces its history back to 1926 with the formation of the Canadian-American Hockey League and teams in Springfield, Boston, Quebec City, Providence and New Haven. In 1936, the "Can-Am" League merged with the original International Hockey League (created in 1929) to form the International-American Hockey League. With the withdrawal of its last Canadian teams, the league was renamed the American Hockey League in 1941. The league gained six teams in the 2001-2002 season with the folding of the International Hockey League. League offices are in Springfield, Massachusetts, moving from West Springfield in the early 1990's. The AHL's current president is David Andrews. The AHL's annual playoff champion is awarded the Calder Cup trophy.

Teams

(affiliated teams in brackets)

Eastern Conference

Atlantic Division

- Albany River Rats (New Jersey Devils)
- Hartford Wolf Pack (New York Rangers)
- Lowell Lock Monsters (Carolina Hurricanes, Colorado Avalanche)
- Manchester Monarchs (Los Angeles Kings)
- Portland Pirates (Mighty Ducks of Anaheim)
- Providence Bruins (Boston Bruins)
- Springfield Falcons (Tampa Bay Lightning)

East Division

- Binghamton Senators (Ottawa Senators)
- Bridgeport Sound Tigers (New York Islanders)
- Hershey Bears (Washington Capitals)
- Norfolk Admirals (Chicago Blackhawks)
- Philadelphia Phantoms (Philadelphia Flyers)
- Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins (Pittsburgh Penguins)

Western Conference

North Division

- Cleveland Barons (San Jose Sharks)
- Grand Rapids Griffins (Detroit Red Wings)
- Hamilton Bulldogs (Montreal Canadiens, Edmonton Oilers)
- Manitoba Moose (Vancouver Canucks)
- Rochester Americans (Buffalo Sabres, Florida Panthers)
- Syracuse Crunch (Columbus Blue Jackets)
- Toronto Marlies (Toronto Maple Leafs)

West Division

- Chicago Wolves (Atlanta Thrashers)
- Houston Aeros (Minnesota Wild)
- Iowa Stars (Dallas Stars, Edmonton Oilers)
- Milwaukee Admirals (Nashville Predators)
- Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights (Calgary Flames)
- Peoria Rivermen (St. Louis Blues)
- San Antonio Rampage (Phoenix Coyotes)

Future Team

- Cincinnati RailRaiders (2006-07)

Defunct teams

- Adirondack Red Wings (1979-1999)
- Baltimore Bandits (1995-1997; became Cincinnati Mighty Ducks)
- Baltimore Clippers (1962-1976)
- Baltimore Skipjacks (1982-1993; became Portland Pirates)
- Binghamton Dusters (1977-1997; renamed Binghamton Whalers in 1980, renamed Binghamton Rangers in 1990; became Hartford Wolf Pack)
- Boston Braves (1971-1974)
- Buffalo Bisons (1936)
- Buffalo Bisons (1940-1970)
- Cape Breton Oilers (1988-1996; became Hamilton Bulldogs)
- Capital District Islanders (1990-1993; became Albany River Rats)
- Carolina Monarchs (1995-1997)
- Cincinnati Mighty Ducks (1997-2005)
- Cincinnati Mohawks (1949-1952)
- Cincinnati Swords (1971-1974)
- Cleveland Barons (1937-1972; became Jacksonville Barons)
- Cleveland Falcons (1936-1937)
- Cornwall Aces (1993-1996)
- Edmonton Road Runners (2004-2005)
- Erie Blades (1981-1982)
- Fredericton Canadiens (1990-1999; became Quebec Citadelles)
- Fredericton Express (1981-1988; became Halifax Citadels)
- Halifax Citadels (1988-1993)
- Hamilton Canucks (1992-1994; became Syracuse Crunch)
- Hamilton Bulldogs (1996-2002; became Toronto Roadrunners)
- Hampton Gulls (1977-1978)
- Indianapolis Capitals (1939-1952)
- Jacksonville Barons (1972-1974)
- Kentucky Thoroughblades (1996-2001; became the present Cleveland Barons)
- Louisville Panthers (1999-2001; became Iowa Stars)

- Maine Mariners (1977-1992; became Providence Bruins)
- Moncton Alpines (1982-1994; renamed Moncton Golden Flames in 1984, renamed Moncton Hawks in 1987)
- Montreal Voyageurs (1969-1971; became Nova Scotia Voyageurs)
- New Brunswick Hawks (1978-1982; became Moncton Alpines)
- Beast of New Haven (1997-1999)
- New Haven Eagles (1936-1943, 1945-1951, renamed New Haven Ramblers in 1946)
- New Haven Nighthawks (1972-1992)
- Newmarket Saints (1986-1991; became St. John's Maple Leafs)
- New Haven Senators (1992-1993; became Prince Edward Island Senators)
- Nova Scotia Oilers (1984-1988; became Cape Breton Oilers)
- Nova Scotia Voyageurs (1971-1984)
- Philadelphia Firebirds (1977-1979; became Syracuse Firebirds)
- Philadelphia Ramblers (1936-1940)
- Philadelphia Rockets (1940-1942, 1946-1949; became Cincinnati Mohawks)
- Pittsburgh Hornets (1936-1956; became Rochester Americans)
- Pittsburgh Hornets (1961-1967)
- Prince Edward Island Senators (1993-1996; became Binghamton Senators)
- Providence Reds (1936-1976; named Rhode Island Reds (1976-1977) became Binghamton Dusters)
- Quebec Aces (1959-1971)
- Quebec Citadelles (1999-2002; became Hamilton Bulldogs)

- Richmond Robins (1971-1976)
- Saint John Flames (1993-2003; became Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights)
- Sherbrooke Canadiens (1984-1990; became Fredericton Canadiens)
- Sherbrooke Jets (1982-1984)
- Springfield Indians (1936-1942, 1946-1951; became Syracuse Warriors)
- Springfield Indians (1954-1994; named Springfield Kings (1967-1974), became Worcester IceCats)
- St. Catharines Saints (1982-1986; became Newmarket Saints)
- St. John's Maple Leafs (1991-2005; became Toronto Marlies)
- St. Louis Flyers (1944-1953)
- Syracuse Eagles (1974-1975)
- Syracuse Firebirds (1979-1980)
- Syracuse Stars (1936-1940; became Buffalo Bisons)
- Syracuse Warriors (1951-1954; became Springfield Indians)
- Tidewater Wings (1971-1972; named Virginia Wings (1972-1975)
- Toronto Roadrunners (2003-2004; became Edmonton Road Runners)
- Utah Grizzlies (2001-2005)
- Utica Devils (1987-1993)
- Washington Lions (1941-1943)
- Washington Lions (1947-1949; became Cincinnati Mohawks)
- Worcester IceCats (1994-2005; became Peoria Rivermen)

External links

- [http://www.theahl.com Official AHL website]
- [http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/ahl1941.html Historic standings and statistics] - at Internet Hockey Database

Category:AHL ja:AHL

Providence Reds

The Providence Reds played in the Canadian-American Hockey League (CAHL) 1926-36 and the American Hockey League (AHL) 1936-76. They won the Calder Cup in 1938, 1940, 1949, and 1956. They became the Rhode Island Reds in 1976.

Past Coaches

Billy Coutu (1933-34) Category:AHL teams Category:Defunct ice hockey teams

Ken Hodge

Kenneth Raymond Hodge, Sr. (born June 25, 1944, Birmingham, England) was a professional hockey player for the NHL Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers. He was notable, among numerous achievements, for being involved in two of the most one-sided trades in hockey history. One of the few British-born players in NHL history, Ken Hodge was signed by the Black Hawks as a teenager, and had a stellar junior league career with the St. Catherines Black Hawks of the OHA, leading the league in goals and points in the 1965 season before being called up for good to Chicago the next year. The rangy right wing played two mediocre seasons with the Black Hawks before being sent to Boston in a blockbuster deal with teammates Phil Esposito and Fred Stanfield. The trade made the Bruins into a powerhouse, as Esposito centered Hodge and left wing Ron Murphy in the 1969 season to break the NHL record for points in a season by a forward line, and Hodge scored a spectacular 45 goals and 45 assists to match Esposito's record season of 126 points. His production fell off significantly the next season (although Boston won the Stanley Cup bolstered by Hodge's skilled play), but the 1971 season saw the Bruins launch the greatest offensive juggernaut the league had ever seen, breaking dozens of offensive records. In that flurry, on one of the most feared forward lines of the era (with linemates Esposito and Wayne Cashman), Hodge would break the league record for points in a season by a right winger with 105, and finish fourth in NHL scoring. Bruins Esposito, Bobby Orr, Johnny Bucyk and Hodge finished 1-2-3-4 in league scoring for the first time in NHL history such a feat was accomplished. The 1972 season saw Hodge slowed down by injuries, although he recovered again in the playoffs to help the Bruins to their second Stanley Cup in three years. In 1974 he scored 50 goals and 105 points to place third in league scoring, and with Esposito, Orr and Cashman likewise finished 1-2-3-4 in league scoring for the only other time in NHL history such a feat was accomplished. Thereafter his production declined, and never at his best defensively skilled, he was traded to the Rangers in 1976 to join his former teammate Esposito, who had been dealt to the Rangers the year before (ironically, the Bruins received young star Rick Middleton, who scored nearly a thousand points in a Boston uniform). Hodge had only modest success in New York in the 1976-1977 season, and tailed off badly the following year before being sent down to the minor league New Haven Nighthawks. Hodge retired thereafter, but came out of retirement in 1979-1980 to play for the AHL Binghampton Dusters, which was his final season. Hodge finished his NHL career with 881 games, 328 goals, 472 assists and 800 points. He was named a First Team All-Star in 1971 and 1974, and played in the All-Star Game in 1971, 1973 and 1974. Hodge's son, Ken Hodge, Jr., was also a professional hockey player from 1987 to 1998. His best season was with the Boston Bruins in 1990, where he scored thirty goals and was named to the NHL's All-Rookie team. Carrying on the family tradition, he was himself part of a one-sided deal, as he was acquired by Boston for the draft pick used to select Dallas star defensive forward and multiple Selke Trophy winner Jere Lehtinen.

Ray Bourque

Raymond Jean Bourque (born December 28, 1960 at Saint-Laurent, now part of Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Hockey Hall of Famer who currently holds the records for most goals, assists and points by a defenseman in the National Hockey League (NHL) and has become near-synonymous with the Boston Bruins hockey team. Ray Bourque burst onto the NHL scene in 1979 after being drafted in the first round 8th overall by the Boston Bruins. Bourque immediately asserted himself as one of the best defensemen in the league, and won the Calder Trophy as Rookie of the Year for the 1979-80 season and a First Team All-Star selection both, the first time in NHL history a non-goaltender had ever achieved such a distinction. Bourque was a solid force for Boston for twenty-one seasons (1979-2000), famous for combining offensive prowess at a level that few defensemen in league history had ever achieved -- he was a perennial shot accuracy champion at All-Star Games -- and near-unparalleled defensive excellence. The Bruins' reliance on his on-ice mastery was so total that -- while Bourque was very durable throughout much of his career -- the team was seen by many to flounder whenever he was out of the lineup. Bourque's prowess led him to become one of the most honored players in NHL history. During his career he was selected to thirteen First Team (the most in history) and six Second Team All-Star squads, second in total in league history only to Gordie Howe and most amongst defensemen. In 1990 Bourque finished second to Mark Messier in the closest race ever for the Hart Memorial Trophy, the league's Most Valuable Player award. He also served as Boston's team captain for fourteen seasons, the longest tenure in Bruins' history and the second longest in NHL history. He won the Norris Trophy as the top defenseman in the league five times, third all-time only to Doug Harvey, and Bobby Orr. In 1998, he represented Canada at the Winter Olympics at Nagano, Japan. Early in 2000, Bourque requested a trade from the fading Bruins so he would have a chance to win the Stanley Cup. The Bruins facilitated a deal and on March 6, 2000, Bourque was traded to Colorado with Dave Andreychuk for Brian Rolston, Martin Grenier, Samuel Pahlsson, and a first round draft pick. right Although Bourque played just 128 games with the Colorado Avalanche, he proved to be a force both on the ice and in the locker room. Finally, on June 9, 2001, after 22 seasons, the Avalanche -- and Bourque -- won the Stanley Cup, in what proved to be Bourque's final game as a player. He had waited longer to win his first Cup than any other Cup-winning player had in the 108-year history of Stanley Cup play. On June 12, 2001, Bourque exercised his right as a player to bring the Cup back to Boston for an emotional rally in City Hall Plaza attended by some twenty thousand screaming fans. His career statistics include 410 goals and 1169 assists for 1579 points, all records for a defenseman. His uniform number 77 has been retired by both the Bruins and the Avalanche. Ray Bourque was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2004. He still lives in the Boston area, remaining active in several local charities. He was named a Boston Bruins team consultant on November 3, 2005.

Achievements and facts

- Played for Team Canada in Canada Cup tournaments, 1981, 1984, 1987
- Became only the sixth defenseman in NHL history to score 30 goals in a season, 1983-84
- Became only the third defenseman in NHL history to reach the 1,000 NHL points milestone, 1991-92
- Became Boston's all-time career assist leader, 1992-93
- Became only the third defenseman in NHL history to reach the 300 career goals milestone, 1993-94
- Became only the second defenseman and seventh player in NHL history to record 900 NHL assists. 1994-95
- Became Boston's all-time leading scorer with his 1,340th career point, 1996-97
- Became the Bruins' all-time leader in games played with his 1,437th game as a Bruin
- Became just the third player in NHL history to record 1,100 NHL assists, 1999-00
- Registered his 1,528th point Oct. 25 vs. Nashville, passing Paul Coffey as the NHL's all-time leader among defensemen, 2000-01
- Registered his 1,137th assist Dec. 21 vs. L.A. Kings, passing Paul Coffey for second place on the NHL's all-time assists list and first among defensemen, 2000-01
- Voted to the All-star Game for the 19th consecutive season, passing Wayne Gretzky for the league record, 2000-01
- Played in his 1,600th NHL game March 11 vs. Dallas, joining Larry Murphy, Scott Stevens, Mark Messier, and Gordie Howe as the only players to reach the milestone, 2000-01
- Is third all-time in playoff assists and tenth all-time in playoff points.
- Was a teammate of John Grahame, the goaltender whose father Ron Grahame was traded by Boston in 1977 for the draft pick used to select Bourque.
- His son, Chris Bourque, was drafted by the Washington Capitals in 2004 and played for Boston University in the 2004-05 NHL season. The younger Bourque is a highly-regarded prospect who has subsequently turned professional.

External links

- [http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php3?pid=00000520 Ray Bourque statistics] - at Internet Hockey Database Bourque, Ray Bourque, Ray Bourque, Ray Bourque, Ray Bourque, Ray Bourque, Ray Bourque, Ray Bourque, Ray Bourque, Ray Bourque, Ray Bourque, Ray ja:レイモンド・ボーク

1981-1982 NHL season

The 1981-82 NHL season was the 65th season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The William M. Jennings Trophy made its debut this year as the trophy for the goaltender with the best goals against average. The New York Islanders won their third straight Stanley Cup by sweeping the Vancouver Canucks in four games.

Regular season

The New York Islanders lead the league with 118 points, seven more than second place Edmonton Oilers. Wayne Gretzky of the Oilers had a record setting year breaking several prestigious records, including the record of 50 goals in 50 games, set by Maurice Richard and Mike Bossy, by scoring 50 goals in only 39 games. He also broke Phil Esposito's record of 76 goals in a season with 92, his own assists record of 109, set the year before, with 120, and his own point total of 164, set the year before, with 212. He was the first, and thus far only, player to ever score 200 points in a season, accomplishing the feat four times over a five year span. Gretzky's record setting year was reflected in the Oilers' final standings as the Oilers set a record for most goals in a season with 417. Gretzky was in on over half of the Oilers goals.

Final standings

Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalties in minutes

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders

Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Stanley Cup playoffs

Phil Esposito]

Stanley Cup finals

NHL awards

References

- [http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/nhl1927.html Hockey Database]
- [http://nhl.com/] Category:NHL Seasons

Lady Byng Trophy

The Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, formerly known as the Lady Byng Trophy, is presented each year to the National Hockey League hockey player voted to have shown the best sportsmanship and gentlemanly conduct combined with performance in play. The winner tends to be favoured by peers for leadership and on-ice conduct. To choose a winner, the Professional Hockey Writers' Association conducts a poll at the end of the regular season. The trophy is named in honour of Lady Byng, wife of Viscount Byng of Vimy, a Vimy Ridge war hero who was the Governor-General of Canada in 1925. Lord and Lady Byng were big sports fans, with a special interest in ice hockey. Lord Byng rarely missed an Ottawa Senators game and Lady Byng frequently accompanied him. Lady Byng presented the first Lady Byng Trophy in 1925. After New York Rangers player Frank Boucher won the award seven times in eight years, he was given the trophy to keep. Lady Byng donated a second trophy in 1936. When Lady Byng died in 1949, the NHL presented another trophy and changed the name to the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy. Some consider it telling that the NHL is the only professional sports association with an award for sportsmanship. Although violence in sports is not uncommon, NHL violence has warranted special attention, with a few players being investigated, charged, and convicted for their on-ice antics.

Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Winners

NHL violence
- 2005, no winner
- 2004, Brad Richards, Tampa Bay Lightning
- 2003, Alexander Mogilny, Toronto Maple Leafs
- 2002, Ron Francis, Carolina Hurricanes
- 2001, Joe Sakic, Colorado Avalanche
- 2000, Pavol Demitra, St. Louis Blues
- 1999, Wayne Gretzky, New York Rangers
- 1998, Ron Francis, Pittsburgh Penguins
- 1997, Paul Kariya, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
- 1996, Paul Kariya, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
- 1995, Ron Francis, Pittsburgh Penguins
- 1994, Wayne Gretzky, Los Angeles Kings
- 1993, Pierre Turgeon, New York Islanders
- 1992, Wayne Gretzky, Los Angeles Kings
- 1991, Wayne Gretzky, Los Angeles Kings
- 1990, Brett Hull, St. Louis Blues
- 1989, Joe Mullen, Calgary Flames
- 1988, Mats Naslund, Montreal Canadiens
- 1987, Joe Mullen, Calgary Flames
- 1986, Mike Bossy, New York Islanders
- 1985, Jari Kurri, Edmonton Oilers
- 1984, Mike Bossy, New York Islanders
- 1983, Mike Bossy, New York Islanders
- 1982, Rick Middleton, Boston Bruins
- 1981, Rick Kehoe, Pittsburgh Penguins
- 1980, Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton Oilers
- 1979, Bob MacMillan, Atlanta Flames
- 1978, Butch Goring, Los Angeles Kings
- 1977, Marcel Dionne, Los Angeles Kings
- 1976, Jean Ratelle, New York Rangers/Boston Bruins
- 1975, Marcel Dionne, Detroit Red Wings
- 1974, Johnny Bucyk, Boston Bruins
- 1973, Gilbert Perreault, Buffalo Sabres
- 1972, Jean Ratelle, New York Rangers
- 1971, Johnny Bucyk, Boston Bruins
- 1970, Phil Goyette, St. Louis Blues
- 1969, Alex Delvecchio, Detroit Red Wings
- 1968, Stan Mikita, Chicago Black Hawks
- 1967, Stan Mikita, Chicago Black Hawks
- 1966, Alex Delvecchio, Detroit Red Wings
- 1965, Bobby Hull, Chicago Black Hawks
- 1964, Ken Wharram, Chicago Black Hawks
- 1963, Dave Keon, Toronto Maple Leafs
- 1962, Dave Keon, Toronto Maple Leafs
- 1961, Red Kelly, Toronto Maple Leafs
- 1960, Don McKenney, Boston Bruins
- 1959, Alex Delvecchio, Detroit Red Wings
- 1958, Camille Henry, New York Rangers
- 1957, Andy Hebenton, New York Rangers
- 1956, Earl Reibel, Detroit Red Wings
- 1955, Sid Smith, Toronto Maple Leafs
- 1954, Red Kelly, Detroit Red Wings
- 1953, Red Kelly, Detroit Red Wings
- 1952, Sid Smith, Toronto Maple Leafs
- 1951, Red Kelly, Detroit Red Wings
- 1950, Edgar Laprade, New York Rangers
- 1949, Bill Quackenbush, Detroit Red Wings
- 1948, Bud O'Connor, New York Rangers
- 1947, Bobby Bauer, Boston Bruins
- 1946, Toe Blake, Montreal Canadiens
- 1945, Bill Mosienko, Chicago Black Hawks
- 1944, Clint Smith, Chicago Black Hawks
- 1943, Max Bentley, Chicago Black Hawks
- 1942, Syl Apps, Toronto Maple Leafs
- 1941, Bobby Bauer, Boston Bruins
- 1940, Bobby Bauer, Boston Bruins
- 1939, Clint Smith, New York Rangers
- 1938, Gordie Drillon, Toronto Maple Leafs
- 1937, Marty Barry, Detroit Red Wings
- 1936, Doc Romnes, Chicago Black Hawks
- 1935, Frank Boucher, New York Rangers
- 1934, Frank Boucher, New York Rangers
- 1933, Frank Boucher, New York Rangers
- 1932, Joe Primeau, Toronto Maple Leafs
- 1931, Frank Boucher, New York Rangers
- 1930, Frank Boucher, New York Rangers
- 1929, Frank Boucher, New York Rangers
- 1928, Frank Boucher, New York Rangers
- 1927, Billy Burch, New York Americans
- 1926, Frank Nighbor, Ottawa Senators
- 1925, Frank Nighbor, Ottawa Senators

Wayne Gretzky

Wayne Douglas Gretzky, OC (born January 26, 1961) is a former professional ice hockey player and current head coach and part owner of the Phoenix Coyotes. Born in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, he is known as "The Great One", and is widely accepted as the greatest hockey player to ever play the game.
- Position: Centre
- Shoots: Left
- Height: 6 ft (1.83 m)
- Weight: 185 lb (84 kg)

Early Years

Taught by his father Walter, Gretzky was seen as a classic prodigy. At age 6 he was skating with 10-year-olds. At 10 he scored 378 goals and 120 assists in 85 games, and the first story on him was published in the Toronto Telegram. At 14, playing against 20-year-olds, he left Brantford to further his career. He also signed with his first agent. He played one year in the Ontario Hockey League, at the age of 16, with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds. There he began wearing the number 99 on his jersey. He had wanted 9 — for his hero Gordie Howe — but it was already being worn by another teammate named Brian Gualazzi. At Coach Muzz MacPherson's suggestion Gretzky settled on 99. The next year (1978-79) he signed with the Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association (WHA) as an underaged player. His Grandfather immigrated to Canada at the beginning of the 20th century from a town in Belarus called Mogilev.

WHA career

The NHL did not allow the signing of players under the age of 18 (nor does now), but the WHA had no rules regarding such signings. Nelson Skalbania, the owner of Indianapolis Racers, signed the 17 year old future superstar, Wayne Gretzky to, at that time, a whopping personal contract worth between $1.125 and 1.75 million US over 4 to 7 years. Skalbania, knowing that the WHA was fading, felt owning the young star was more valuable than owning a WHA team. But, needing cash, only eight games into the 1978-79 WHA season, Skalbania liquidated his greatest asset to his old friend and former partner Peter Pocklington, owner of the Edmonton Oilers. Pocklington purchased Gretzky and two other Indianapolis players, goaltender Eddie Mio and forward Peter Driscoll, paying $700,000 for the contracts of the three players, although the announced price was actually $850,000. On Gretzky's 18th birthday, the 26th of January, 1979, Pocklington signed him to a 21-year personal services contract, the longest in hockey history, worth $4-5 million US. Gretzky would go on to capture the Lou Kaplan Trophy for rookie of the year, finish third in league scoring (110 points), and help the Oilers to first overall in the league. That would be Gretzky's only season in the WHA, as it folded following the Avco World Trophy finals.

NHL career

Gretzky played on four different NHL teams over a 20 year period: The Edmonton Oilers, Los Angeles Kings, St. Louis Blues, and New York Rangers

Edmonton

New York Rangers]] After the World Hockey Association folded in 1979, four teams, including the Edmonton Oilers, joined the National Hockey League. The success enjoyed on the ice by Gretzky in the WHA carried over into the NHL despite critics expecting otherwise. The critics expected him to fail in the bigger, tougher, more talented NHL. But in only his first NHL season, 1979-80, Gretzky proved his critics wrong and was awarded the Hart Memorial Trophy as the League's Most Valuable Player (the first of eight in a row) and tied for the scoring lead with Marcel Dionne with 137 points (Dionne was awarded the Art Ross Memorial Trophy as the league's leading scorer because he had scored more goals, even though Gretzky played fewer games). Gretzky, though, was not eligible for the Calder Memorial Trophy, given to the top NHL rookie, because of his previous year of professional experience. The rule, however, was changed a few years later. Teemu Selänne is a case in point of this rule change. In his second season, Gretzky won the Art Ross Trophy (the first of seven consecutive years) with a single-season record 164 points, and won his second straight Hart Trophy. He also broke both Bobby Orr's record for assists in a season and Phil Esposito's record for points in a season. In Gretzky's third season, 1981-82, Gretzky surpassed one of the game's most cherished records — 50 goals in 50 games — set by Maurice "Rocket" Richard during the 1944-45 NHL season and tied by Mike Bossy during the 1980-81 NHL season. On December 30, 1981, in Edmonton's 39th game, Gretzky scored his 50th goal of the season (and fifth of the game) into an empty net in the final seconds of a 7-5 win against Philadelphia. On 24 February, 1982, Gretzky continued his record-breaking tear by breaking Esposito's record for most goals in a season (76), when he scored four goals to help beat the Buffalo Sabres, 6-3. He ended that 1981-1982 season with records of 92 goals, 120 assists, and 212 points in 80 games. The following seasons would see Gretzky break his own assists record three more times (125, 135, and 163) and his point record one more time (215). He would also go on to break dozens of records and set standards that to this day still stand. By the time he finished playing in Edmonton, he held or shared 49 NHL records, which in itself was a record. The Edmonton Oilers finished their last WHA season first overall in the regular season. When they came to the NHL, they didn't find the same success right away. But within 4 seasons, the Oilers were competing for the Stanley Cup. The Oilers were a young, strong team featuring forwards Mark Messier, Glenn Anderson, and Jari Kurri, defenceman Paul Coffey, goaltender Grant Fuhr, and Gretzky as its captain. In 1983, they made it to the Stanley Cup finals, only to be swept by the three-time defending champion New York Islanders. The following season, the Oilers met the Islanders in the Finals again, this time winning their first of five Stanley Cups over the next seven years. Gretzky was part of 4 Cup wins with the Oilers.

"The Trade"

New York Islanders On August 9, 1988, in a move that drastically changed the dynamics of the NHL, Gretzky was traded with Marty McSorley and Mike Krushelnyski by the Oilers to the Los Angeles Kings for Jimmy Carson, Martin Gelinas, $15 million cash, and the Kings' first-round draft picks in 1989, 1991, and 1993. "The Trade," as it came to be known, upset Canadians to the extent that one lawmaker demanded the government block it, and Pocklington was burned in effigy. Gretzky himself was considered a "traitor" by some Canadians for turning his back on his adopted hometown, his home province, and his home country; his motivation was widely rumoured to be to further his wife's acting career. After "The Trade", Gretzky's personal popularity sank across Canada, temporarily. Gretzky's first season in Los Angeles saw a marked increase in attendance and fan interest in a city not previously known for following ice hockey. The Kings, who then played their home games at the Great Western Forum, boasted numerous sellouts on their way to reaching the 88-89 playoffs. Despite being heavy underdogs against his old squad, Gretzky led the new-look Kings on and off the ice to a shocking upset of the defending Stanley Cup champion Edmonton Oilers, as Gretzky led his team back from a 3-1 deficit to win the series 4-3. Gretzky finished second in scoring but narrowly beat out Mario Lemieux (who scored 199 points) for the Hart Trophy as MVP. Many credit Gretzky's arrival with putting Southern California on "the NHL map"; now California is home to three NHL franchises, with the The Anaheim Mighty Ducks and San Jose Sharks being added during Gretzky's time with Los Angeles. Gretzky's time with the Kings reached its peak when he led the team to its first Cup finals in 1993. After winning the first game of the series, however, the team lost the next four in a row to the Montreal Canadiens. The team began a long slide that continued despite numerous player and coaching moves and failed to even qualify for the playoffs again until 1998. Long before that, running out of time and looking for a team with which he could win again, Gretzky had been traded from the Kings at his request. On the 27th of February, 1996 he joined the St. Louis Blues in a trade for Patrice Tardif, Roman Vopat, Craig Johnson, and draft picks. While he scored 37 points in 31 games for the team (regular season and playoffs), and they got within one overtime game of the Conference finals, he never clicked with the team or with sniper Brett Hull on the ice as well as many had expected. On July 21, he signed with the New York Rangers as a free agent, rejoining Mark Messier. New York Rangers He ended his professional career with the Rangers, playing his final three seasons there and helping the team reach the conference finals in 1997. His last NHL game in Canada was on the 16th of April, 1999, in a 2-2 tie with the Ottawa Senators, and his final game was a 2-1 overtime loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins on the 18th of April. The national anthems in that game were adjusted to accommodate Gretzky's departure. In place of "O Canada, we stand on guard for thee", Bryan Adams sang "We're going to miss you Wayne Gretzky". The Star-Spangled Banner, sung by John Amirante, was changed from "the land of the free" to "the land of Wayne Gretzky". Gretzky was named as the first, second, and third star of both the 16th and 18th of April games. In 2003, Gretzky took to the ice one last time to help celebrate the Edmonton Oilers' 25th anniversary as an NHL team. The Heritage Classic was the first NHL game to be played outdoors, at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton. Preceding the NHL game was an exhibition game that reunited Gretzky and many of the old-guard Oilers against a superstar Montreal Canadiens team in front of an ice hockey record 57,167 fans and millions more on TV. The game was subsequently released on DVD.

Career Statistics

			Regular Season					Playoffs
Season	Team	League	GP	G	A	Pts	PIM	GP	G	A	Pts	PIM
1976-77	Peterborough Petes	OHA	3	0	3	3	0	--	--	--	--	--
1977-78	Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds	OHA	64	70	112	182	14	--	--	--	--	--
1978-79	Indianapolis Racers	WHA	8	3	3	6	0	--	--	--	--	--
1978-79	Edmonton Oilers	WHA	72	43	61	104	19	13	10	10	20	2
1979-80	Edmonton Oilers	NHL	79	51	86	137	21	3	2	1	3	0
1980-81	Edmonton Oilers	NHL	80	55	109	164	28	9	7	14	21	4
1981-82	Edmonton Oilers	NHL	80	92	120	212	26	5	5	7	12	8
1982-83	Edmonton Oilers	NHL	80	71	125	196	59	16	12	26	38	4
1983-84	Edmonton Oilers	NHL	74	87	118	205	39	19	13	22	35	12
1984-85	Edmonton Oilers	NHL	80	73	135	208	52	18	17	30	47	4
1985-86	Edmonton Oilers	NHL	80	52	163	215	46	10	8	11	19	2
1986-87	Edmonton Oilers	NHL	79	62	121	183	28	21	5	29	34	6
1987-88	Edmonton Oilers	NHL	64	40	109	149	24	19	12	31	43	16
1988-89	Los Angeles Kings	NHL	78	54	114	168	26	11	5	17	22	0
1989-90	Los Angeles Kings	NHL	73	40	102	142	42	7	3	7	10	0
1990-91	Los Angeles Kings	NHL	78	41	122	163	16	12	4	11	15	2
1991-92	Los Angeles Kings	NHL	74	31	90	121	34	6	2	5	7	2
1992-93	Los Angeles Kings	NHL	45	16	49	65	6	24	15	25	40	4
1993-94	Los Angeles Kings	NHL	81	38	92	130	20	--	--	--	--	--
1994-95	Los Angeles Kings	NHL	48	11	37	48	6	--	--	--	--	--
1995-96	Los Angeles Kings	NHL	62	15	66	81	32	--	--	--	--	--
1995-96	St. Louis Blues	NHL	18	8	13	21	2	13	2	14	16	0
1996-97	New York Rangers	NHL	82	25	72	97	28	15	10	10	20	2
1997-98	New York Rangers	NHL	82	23	67	90	28	--	--	--	--	--
1998-99	New York Rangers	NHL	70	9	53	62	14	--	--	--	--	--
20 Years	Totals	NHL	1487	894	1963	2857	596	208	122	260	382	68

NHL Records

For more information and a list of Gretzky's official and unofficial records, see Wayne Gretzky Records. Wayne Gretzky Records Wayne Gretzky held or shared 61 NHL records upon his retirement on the 18th of April, 1999. He had 40 regular season records, 15 playoff records, and 6 all-star records. Some of the more impressive regular season records include most goals in a season (92), most assists in a season (163), and most points in a season (215). He also holds the record for the fastest 50 goals in 50 games or less, which he did in only 39 games and the most goals in 50 games (61, which he did twice). In 1982-83, he had a 51 game point scoring streak that has been compared to Joe DiMaggio's streak in baseball. During Gretzky's point-scoring streak, he had 61 goals and 92 assists for 153 points. He had dominated the playoffs like he had dominated the regular season. His 47 points in 1985 and his 31 assists in 1988 are still records for a playoff year. He is the career playoff leader in goals (122), assists (260), points (382), hat tricks (10), and game winning goals (24). Given that Gretzky was by far the highest scorer of the highest scoring period in the game's history, these playoff numbers appear to be untouchable. His career regular season stats are equally as impressive. He has the record for most career regular season goals (894), assists (1,963), points (2,856), and hat tricks (50). The next closest player in total points is Mark Messier with 1887 points. His total points including regular season and playoffs is an impressive 3,239.

Stats and Facts

- Gretzky is the youngest player to score 50 goals.
- Marcel Dionne's best single season point total in his career was 137 points. Gretzky matched that in his first year. In fact, Gretzky didn't have fewer than 137 points in a season until over 10 years later in 1991-92 when he had 121.
- He was not considered a rookie in his first year, but he still holds the record for most points (137) in a season by a first-year player (second is Teemu Selänne with 132) and most assists (86). He also has the most points (8) and assists (7) in one game by a first-year player.
- Bobby Orr is one of the greatest players in NHL history. In Gretzky's second season, he broke Orr's record for most assists in one season (102) with 109. Gretzky did not have fewer than 102 assists until the 1991-92 season.
- In his second season, he broke the NHL record for most points (152) held by superstar Phil Esposito with 164. In doing so, he also became the first player to average more than two points a game in the modern NHL. Mario Lemieux is the only other player in the NHL to do that.
- In his third season, Gretzky did what many thought was impossible. First, he scored 50 goals in 39 games. Next, he broke Esposito’s record for most goals in a season (76). Then, he hit the 200-point plateau. He finished the season setting new records with 212 points, 92 goals, and 120 assists.
- After scoring 212 points the year before, he had what many people called a "disappointing" season in 1982-83 with only 196 points. Even though he had a "disappointing" season, he still set a new record for assists with 125.
- Gretzky is the only player to reach 200 points in a season. He did it four times in 5 years between 1981-82 and 1985-86.
- In 1983-84, Gretzky set a record with a 51-game point scoring streak. During that streak, he had 61 goals and 92 assists for 153 points. That is exactly three points a game, which is amazing considering that he had a separated shoulder for much of that streak. After that streak ended, he took 6 games off to rest his shoulder.
- Gretzky has scored the magical 50 goals in 50 games or less three times in his career, more than anyone else. Brett Hull did it twice.
- Considering that only one player besides Gretzky has ever averaged two points a game in a season, what he did in 1985-86 is truly astounding. He averaged over 2 assists a game that season. He had 163 assists in 80 games and still managed to score 52 goals.
- In 1989, he broke Gordie Howe's record for most points in a career. It took Howe 26 years to get 1850 points. It took Gretzky only 10. Gretzky averaged over 180 points a season for those 10 years. His average was better than anyone else's best (except for Mario Lemieux. Lemieux achieved over 180 points once in his career).
- Only two players besides Gretzky have ever had 100 assists in an NHL season. Mario Lemieux did it once with 114. Bobby Orr also did it once with 102. Gretzky did it 11 times consecutively. During that streak, his best season (1985-86) he had 163 assists and his worst season (1989-90) he had 102. He holds the top eight spots in the record books for most assists in a season.
- He had 1669 points in 696 games while playing in Edmonton.
- Wayne Gretzky scored more goals than anyone else in hockey history. Ignoring all of Gretzky's goals, however, he still would have won the Art Ross Trophy for leading scorer four times and still would have more career points than anyone else. His 1963 career assists are more than Gordie Howe's 1850 and Mark Messier's 1887 points.
- Gretzky played a total of 1788 professional regular season and playoff games in the NHL and WHA, amassing 1072 goals and 2297 assists for a total of 3369 points. Gordie Howe is second in all three categories with 1071 goals, 1518 assists, and 2589 points. Mark Messier

Awards

He won nine Hart Trophies, the NHL's most valuable player award, and eight of these were awarded in consecutive years from 1980-1987. In fact, Gretzky holds the record for most MVP awards of any player in American professional sports.
- Hart Memorial Trophy (most valuable player) -1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989
- Art Ross Trophy (scoring champion) -1981, 1982 ,1983 ,1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1994
- Conn Smythe Trophy (playoff most valuable player) - 1985, 1988
- Lester B. Pearson Award (outstanding player, voted by the players) -1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987
- Lady Byng Memorial Trophy (most gentlemanly player) -1980, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1999
- NHL Plus/Minus Award (best plus-minus rating) -1982, 1984, 1985, 1987
- Chrysler-Dodge/NHL Performer of the Year -1985, 1986, 1987
- Lester Patrick Trophy (outstanding service to hockey in the United States) -1994
- NHL All-Star Game MVP-1983, 1989, 1999
- NHL First All-Star Team-1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1991
- NHL Second All-Star Team-1980, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1997, 1998

Winter Olympics

Gretzky participated in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. Expectations were high of the Canadian team, but without the presence of Mario Lemieux (with whom Gretzky did well in the 1987 Canada Cup) and several other star Canadians due to injury, the team lost to Finland for the bronze medal. Many also attribute the loss of the gold medal to Canada's coach Marc Crawford's decision to use a defenceman, Ray Bourque, and not Gretzky in the shoot-out against Dominik Hasek. The CBC's post-shootout shot of Gretzky sitting alone on the bench following the loss of the shoot-out is still ruefully and vividly remembered by many Canadian fans. Gretzky was Executive Director of the Canadian men's hockey team at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah. On February 18, he lashed out at the media at a press conference, frustrated with Canadian response and lack of support for its national team. His temper boiled over after Canada's 3-3 draw vs. the Czech Republic, calling the criticism of his outburst "American propaganda," saying, "They're loving us not doing well," referring to American hockey fans. American hockey fans online began calling Gretzky a "crybaby" for his emotional public display. Defenders said he was merely borrowing a page from former coach Glen Sather to take the pressure off his players. Canada beat the U.S. to win the gold medal 50 years to the day after the Edmonton Waterloo Mercurys won the nation's last gold medal in ice hockey. Gretzky was responsible for a Canadian loonie being placed underneath centre ice for good luck. The coin is now at the Hockey Hall of Fame, and a specially minted loonie was placed at centre ice for the finals of the 2004 World Cup of Hockey. Gretzky has also expressed interest in managing Canada's men's hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. He was asked to manage Canada's team at the 2005 Ice Hockey World Championships, but declined due to his mother's poor health. His mother is suffering from cancer. Even though he wasn't officially a member of the management staff, he was consulted regularly about decisions. Canada won the silver medal.

Head Coaching Career

In 2000, Gretzky became Alternate Governor and Managing Partner of the Phoenix Coyotes NHL team. Gretzky owns 17% of the team. In August 2005, following the conclusion of the 2004-05 NHL lockout, Gretzky agreed to become the new coach of the Phoenix Coyotes. Although some have considered the move to have come at a convenient time in terms of marketing due to the league's recent financial struggles, few question Gretzky's overriding motive to win hockey games. In the time leading to Gretzky's announcement, as it was widely speculated on and even expected once he became a Coyotes Managing Partner, several prominent free agents signed with Phoenix with playing for Gretzky being the main factor, including Brett Hull. Gretzky made his coaching debut on October 5, 2005, the opening night of the 2005-06 NHL season, losing 3-2 to the Vancouver Canucks. His first coaching victory was October 8, 2005, beating the Minnesota Wild 2-1.

Honours and Accolades

Hockey Hall of Fame
- He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 22, 1999, becoming the tenth player to by-pass the three-year waiting period. The NHL then stated that he would be the last player to do so. His daily "journal" was syndicated throughout Canada's newspapers detailing his personal thoughts and feelings about his induction as the day neared. It was also announced that no other player would ever wear the number "99" again. His number was retired league-wide. Male Athlete of the Decade
- In 1982, Gretzky became the first hockey player and first Canadian to be named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year. He was also named Sports Illustrated Magazine's 1982 "Sportsman of the Year." In 1990, the AP named him Male Athlete of the Decade. Order of Canada
- Gretzky was named an officer of the Order of Canada on June 25, 1984, during his heyday with the Edmonton Oilers, for outstanding contribution to the sport of hockey. Since the Order ceremonies are always held during the hockey season, it took 13 years, seven months and two Governors-General before Gretzky could accept the honour. Greatest Hockey Player
- In 1997, prior to his retirement, The Hockey News named a committee of 50 hockey experts (former NHL players, past and present writers, broadcasters, coaches and hockey executives) to select and rank the 50 greatest players in NHL history. The experts voted Gretzky number one, ahead of the once seemingly incomparable Bobby Orr and Gordie Howe. Fifth Greatest Athlete
- In 1999, ESPN named Gretzky the fifth greatest athlete of the 20th century. Gretzky, the most honoured player in a team sport with nine MVP awards, was voted No. 5 among North American athletes by SportsCentury's distinguished 48-person panel. Only Michael Jordan, Babe Ruth, Muhammad Ali, and Jim Brown preceded him. Only two other NHL players made the ESPN list, Mario Lemieux and Steve Yzerman who were voted No. 66 and No. 67, respectively. The Wayne Gretzky Trophy
- The Ontario Hockey League has named a trophy after the Great Gretzky. The OHL hands out the Wayne Gretzky Trophy to the winner of the Western Conference each year. Greatest Canadian, CBC poll
- In 2004, he was voted one of the ten Greatest Canadians in a CBC poll.

"The Royal Wedding"

He met American actress Janet Jones in 1984 when he was a judge on the show "Dance Fever" and she was a dancer, but they didn't begin dating until 1987. Their July 17, 1988, Anglican Church nuptials at St. Joseph's Basilica in Edmonton, Alberta was dubbed "The Royal Wedding" by the press and broadcast live throughout Canada. "Guards" from the Edmonton Fire Department stood on the church steps. The event reportedly cost Gretzky over $1 million dollars; Janet's dress alone cost $40,000. They have 5 children: Paulina, Ty, Trevor, Tristan, and Emma.

Off the ice

While in Edmonton, he endorsed everything from soft drinks and blue jeans to his own wallpaper, pillow cases, breakfast cereal, chocolate bars, and a Mattel "Great Gretzky" doll. Past and present plugs include Thrifty Car Rental, Peak Antifreeze, Ford Motor Company (in Canada only), Coca-Cola, Esso, McDonald's, Campbell's Soup, Primestar TV, Upper Deck, Nike, Ultra Wheels, Hallmark Cards, Zurich Insurance, Tylenol and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. He and his son Ty did commercials for the Sharp Viewcam. He hosted Saturday Night Live in 1989, though this re-enforced the notion among the public that he had better not quit his day job to pursue an acting career. He lent his likeness to a 1992 cartoon show, Pro-Stars, and video games in 1996, 2004, and 2006. He posed for the cover of Cigar Aficionado Magazine with Janet. In 1998, he launched a line of fashion menswear, and signed a licensing agreement with a phone card company. He owns a restaurant, Hespeler sports equipment, and co-owns a chain of roller-hockey rinks. After his retirement, he became the spokesman for Power Automotive Group of Southern California, and Tylenol Arthritis Formula. Forbes estimates that Gretzky earned $93.8 million from hockey and endorsements from 1990-98. A "Gretzky" has also become the nickname of a legendary coffee at Tim Hortons: with 9 cream and 9 sugar (99, Gretzky's number). In poker, a pair of 9s is sometimes called a Gretzky. The model of helmet that Gretzky wore throughout his career, the Jofa VM, is now known more popularly as the "Gretzky helmet", even though it was a popular model worn by many NHL players in its time. These distinctive and long-discontinued helmets are today a collectors' item among hockey players and fans.

Quotations

Jofa VM in 1982.]]
- Skate "to where the puck is going, not where it's been." -- From his father, Walter (Gretzky & Reilly, 1990, pg. 88.)
- "You miss 100% of the shots you don't take."
- "Everything I have in my life I owe to hockey."
- "A good hockey player plays where the puck is. A great hockey player plays where the puck is going to be."

References

- Wayne Gretzky with Rick Reilly (1990). Gretzky: An Autobiography. An Edward Burlingame Book. ISBN 0060163399
- [http://www.canoe.ca/Gretzky/ SLAM! Presents Wayne Gretzky], Canadian Online Explorer: SLAM! Sports.
- [http://www.wayne-gretzky.info/ Wayne Gretzky Fansite], Wayne Gretzky Stats, Biography, Career Milestones and Quotes

External links

- [http://www.waynegretzky.com Wayne Gretzky-The Official Homepage]
- [http://nhl.com/hockeyu/history/gretzky/ NHL.com Wayne Gretzky section]
- [http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/top_ten/nominee/gretzky-wayne.html The Greatest Canadians]
- [http://www.tsn.ca/headlines/main_story.asp?id=131311 Armstrong Draws Inspiration from Gretzky]
- [http://www.gg.ca/Search/honours_descript_e.asp?type=2&id=3905 Order of Canada Citation]
- [http://www.unitedathletes.com/english/profiles/wgretzky.html United Athletes Magazine] Gretzky's physical qualities and abilities. Note: Luc Robitaille, served as the Los Angeles Kings captain during the first half of the 1992-93 season. Gretzky was injured & out of the line-up. Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne Gretzky, Wayne ja:ウェイン・グレツキー

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List of NHL seasons

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Category:Canadian ice hockey players

This is the category for all ice hockey players from Canada. Category:Ice hockey players by country Hockey Category:Ice hockey in Canada

Category:First round draft picks

This category lists NHL players who were picked in the first round of the NHL Entry Draft. Category:NHL Entry Draft

Category:New York Rangers players

These are articles about ice hockey players who play or have played in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers. There is also a list at List of New York Rangers players. Category:NHL players by team Category:New York Rangers

Category:OHL alumni

The following is a list of articles of ice hockey players who have played in the OHL and then went on to play in the NHL. This list includes players who played in the league when it was called the OMJHL and OHA. Note: Teams have often switched locations and/or names in the OHL, so if there are subcategories on the team category pages of other teams, it is because they are the same franchise, the franchise itself just moved or changed names. Category:Ontario Hockey League

Tane

In Polynesian mythology (specifically: New Zealand), Tane is the god of trees and light, and the first son of Rangi and Papa. As a young boy, he was hunted by Atea. Escaping to Earth, Tane became very hungry and ate a man, becoming the first cannibal. He later killed Atea with lightning bolts, given to him by his ancestor, Fatu-tiri. He created the dawn. With Hina, he was the father of Hine-nui-te-Po, whom he later married, not knowing who she was. Upon discovering that she had married her father, Hine-nui-te-Po fled to the underworld, and began ruling there as queen. Tane's eternal enemy is Whiro. Tane created Tiki, the first man.
- Alternative: Kane Category:Polynesian gods

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